Author: Genyc79

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Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist, Carlos the Jackal – John Follain

On By Genyc79In Biographies, True CrimeLeave a comment

On the night of June 27, 1975, two French internal security agents named Raymond Dous and Jean Donatini arrived at 9 Rue Tollier in Paris, France along with Michel Moukharbal, a suspect being investigated by French police for attacks against the Israeli airline El Al at Paris-Orly Airport. Before the night was over, all three men were dead and a fourth serious wounded resulting in a manhunt issued by France for Ilich Ramírez Sánchez known to the world as “Carlos the Jackal“. Prior to reading the book I was familiar with his name and parts of his story but did not have the full account. I picked up this book which I saw in my list of recommendations and decided to make the purchase and step into the world of the Jackal.

From the beginning of the book it is apparent that the story will be anything but ordinary. Ramirez’s childhood is unusual and his father’s obsession with the Soviet Union and Vladimir Lenin (1871-1924) is strange considering the fact that the family resides in Venezuela. At home things are not well and his parents’ divorce when Carlos is a teenager proves to be a pivotal moment in his life. Eventually, his mother relocates with the children to Europe and this sets off a chain of events in his life that lead to him becoming one of the most wanted fugitives on the planet. When he gravitates towards Marxism at the Patrice Lumumba University in Moscow, there is no turning back as the Jackal begins to take shape and an usual story develops which sees him move through Europe and the Middle East leaving a trail of death and destruction.

If I had to choose one word to describe Ramirez’s life from this point on, that word would be chaos. Between fatherhood, a marriage, and alliances with Middle Eastern governments as an unofficial agent of terror, the book is a roller coaster ride of insanity. However, what is equally disturbing as the attacks he conducted with subordinates is the support he received from multiple countries. In 1970 he joined the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and remained steadfast in his support which inspired his radicalism. As part of his tool kit, he employed fake passports, fake identification, cash, safe houses, connections in high places and a long list of people willing to follow his every move. The story feels like a tale from Hollywood as the Jackal goes wild. The brazen raid in Vienna, Austria on December 21, 1975 at Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (“OPEC”) headquarters is just one of the insane missions executed by the Jackal.

During his escapades he also finds love when he encounters Magdalena Kopp (1948-2015). Their story is equally surreal but their union did produce Ramirez’s second child. However, being the wife of a world-wide fugitive is not sustainable, and authorities are constantly on their heels. Slowly, the walls begin to close in and the fall out is unpredictable but the comeuppance for a life of crime. Kopp’s fate ironically in Paris, sets off a deadly series of actions by Carlos who is beginning to lose his grip on reality. Sadly, the collateral damage was high and only increased the pressure on French intelligence to capture him at all costs. Following the collapse of their marriage, Kopp makes another decision to relocate which is curious and proves that truth is stranger than fiction. As for Carlos, fate would not be as kind, and he continues to travel through the Middle East eventually finding refuge in Sudan. But it is here where his career concludes as French intelligence make good on their promise to apprehend him for the events in June 1975. His capture and extradition to France is climactic, but was it legal? The author lays out the facts of France’s actions for the reader to decide. But it does prove that when you are a wanted man, governments will not stop until they have you.

The trial in which Carlos is tried and convicted is discussed by the author, and although his life was on the line, Ramirez moves with a detached reality that is both odd and amusing. However, the deaths as a result of his actions are not and when justice is metered out, the story of Carlos the Jackal is over. He remains alive today but no longer able to live out his fantasy of a revolutionary playboy jetsetting across the planet and living the fast life. If you need a book about the life of Carlos the Jackal, this is a good place to start.

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B00IQY3E64
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Arcade; Reprint edition (July 1, 2011)

Days of Rage: America’s Radical Underground, the FBI, and the Forgotten Age of Revolutionary Violence – Byran Burrough

On By Genyc79In American HistoryLeave a comment

“The first lesson a revolutionary must learn is that he is a doomed man.” – Huey P. Newton (1942-1989)

On August 22, 1989, former Black Panther Party co-founder Huey P. Newton was shot and killed on a street corner in Oakland, California. His death was sudden and violent, and a reminder that the streets are unforgiving. Newton’s notoriety as a representative of Black voices during the Civil Rights Movement earned him a place on the watchlist of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”). To some Newton was a dangerous radical working to destroy America but to others he was an icon who had the courage to stand up to a system in need of an overhaul. Regardless of opinion, Newton was only one of many people who took the streets determined to change America by any means necessary and were not afraid to use violence. Sadly, that meant collateral damage and fear during an era author Bryan Burrough calls days of rage. This is the story of the under radical movement in the United States which produced some of the most dangerous figures this nation has ever seen.

The book is extensive but focuses on several main organizations whose names are well-known. The first is Weatherman a/k/a The Weather Underground  which is credited by the FBI to having set off twenty-five bombs in U.S. Government buildings, police stations and the office of the California Attorney General. And its stand out star was Samuel J. Melville (1934-1971) whom we learn of in the story, along with Bernadine Dohrn who ironically is a retired law professor. I did not know about Melville or Dohrn prior to reading the book nor was I familiar with Weatherman. However, by the time I finished the book I was firmly aware of its existence, its actions, and its dark legacy. Burrough delivers on the goods and takes us inside Weatherman and the anarchy it caused. But this is only the beginning in a long book that is nothing short of a roller coaster ride.

As a primer, the author discusses the Civil Rights Movement which sets the stage for the violence to come. However, what is interesting is that neither Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) nor Malcolm X (1925-1965) were “extreme” compared to the others figures the author discusses. Dr. King had always preached non-violence and Malcolm strongly believed in self-defense by any means necessary. Neither led any violent raids or set off bombs but the cause they fought for, believed in and died for, was the proof others needed to escalate resistance to levels which caught the attention of the White House. The Black Panther Party found itself on the radar of the FBI and in due time the bureau would make use of its COINTEL program to destroy all organizations it deemed enemies of America. Newton and his colleagues would fall victim as would others whose lives are exmained in the book. The FBI was focused but the underground radical movement was growing exponentially. And as the story progresses, the suspense heightens, and the tension builds as radicals attempt to turn the United States upside down. Violence, sex, drugs, fame and calls for revolution form a potent mix from which both charasmatic and outlandish figures emerged in their quest to change the nation permanently.

I mentioned earlier that there are several organizations discussed in the book. Aside from Weatherman, there is Donald “Cinque” DeFreeze (1943-1974) and the Symbionese Liberation Army (“SLA”) whose story on its own is surreal. Of course, it cannot be told without addressing the abduction and enlistment of Patty Hearst.  Her story has been told by others, and it is thoroughly presented here as well but I could not help but shake my head in disbelief DeFreeze’s bizarre rhetoric and his ability to attract followers. The downfall of the SLA and its tragic finale left me with chills, but the book was far from over. In fact, while the SLA is conducting its unorthodox fallacies, members of Weatherman are still moving around America. And the chaos they created would be amplified by more extreme radicals whose names are synonymous with bank heists and gun battles with law enforcement.

The name Raymond Luc Levasseur did not stand out at first but older readers may be familiar with his story. However, that changed as the story progressed and the organization to which he belonged, the United Freedom Front, made itself known in a string of bank robberies and getaways straight out of Hollywood fiction. A tour of duty in Vietnam and racial discrimination had help shape Levasseur into the radical the FBI wanted off the streets as soon as possible. But that did not happen and the story of how Levasseur evaded capture is one of the more fascinating parts of the book. He was not alone and had a family to support and had been joined by other adults. Their ability to pack up and leave on a moment’s notice is surreal and their ability to evade capture was almost flawless except for one crucial mistake. To be fair, bombings were occurring with such frequency that law enforcement officials struggled to keep up and keep track. And just when it seemed that one group might be on the verge of extinction, another rose to the occasion.

My father had previously told me the story of William Morales, a member of the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña (“FALN”) who had severely injured himself while making a bomb in his Queens apartment. The accident is gruesome but there is more to the story than my father had explained. In fact, Morales’ s disfigurement and escape from justice is unbelievable due to the limited use of his hands and impaired vision. His disappearance from Bellevue Hospital left me speechless. Despite a manunt and nationwide attention, Morales remained on the loose and is still alive today,  living in Cuba along with another radical in our story, Joanne Chesimard a/k/a Assata Shakur who remains a wanted fugitive by the FBI. The reasons for her status as a fugitive at large are explained in the book, in particular the shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike on May 2, 1973, in which Trooper Werner Foerster was shot and mortally wounded. The full story of the traffic stop, shootout and her conviction are too extensive for this book but the author weaves into the narrative without breaking the pace or weakening its intensity. Morales and Shakur will likely remain in Cuba for the rest of their lives but there was another Shakur who did not fare as well.

If you are familiar with the late rap star Tupac Shakur (1971-1996) you will be familiar with the story of his step-father Mutulu Shakur (1950-2023), a member of the Black Liberation Army whose actions are some of the darkest parts of the book. Shakur’s descent into radicalism sets him on a dark path destined for destruction. And that point is driven home when Shakur and his co-conspirators rob a Brinks armored car at the Nanuet Mall in Nanuet, New York on October 20, 1981. The full story of the robbery is too intricate for a blog post, but I was glued to the book as the drama unfolded. It is mind blowing and horribly tragic. The robbery left two Nyack police officers and an armed guard dead, and resulted in Shakur serving forty years in prison before being released for health reasons in December 2022. The Brinks robbery remains etched in New York State history and is a chilling chapter to a book that pulls no punches. Burrough gives us an uncut look into America’s haunting past and the years in which armed struggled was a calling card for aspiring young revolutionaries across the country.

Burrough’s book is long but it is beautifully written, well researched, and powerful. The history contained within the book is not pleasant but what the author discusses can serve as reminders of how far America has come and where it should never return to. If you lived through these years and recall the level of danger which existed, this book will bring back profound memories. I intend to discuss it with my father who has always said that the 1960s and 1970s were scary times because of the threat of nuclear war, assassinations, social unrest, revolution, and the rise of serial killers. Many of the figures in this book are now deceased and others well into their senior years are no longer on the streets planning acts of violence. But they have not forgotten theirs nor has America. Their legacies are complex depending on who you ask but the fact remains that hope move side by side with fear as the radical underground grabbed the country’s attention. This book is an invaluable tool in understand how and why the radical underground came to be.

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B00LFZ84PC
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Penguin Books (April 7, 2015)

Black Snow: Curtis LeMay, the Firebombing of Tokyo and the Road to the Atomic Bomb – James M. Scott

On By Genyc79In World War IILeave a comment

The surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945, formally marked the conclusion of World War II after five years of anarchy in Europe and Asia. Germany had previously surrendered on May 8 following the collapse of German Chancellor Adolf Hitler’s (1889-1945) Third Reich. Allied commanders felt relief as it became clear that the planned ground invasion of Japan in the autumn of 1945 would no longer be necessary.  The deployment of atomic weapons developed at Los Alamos, New Mexico, ushered in a new era in which world destruction became hauntingly real. America’s use of the bombs remains controversial, but President Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) remained firm in his position that the bomb was needed to end the worst war the planet had seen. Detractors of Truman will point out that Japan would have been defeated without the use of atomic weapons. Of course, we will never know this for certain but the story of the air raids across Japan which included firebombs and the use of the atomic bombs “Fat Man” and “Little Boy”, is interesting and removes any doubt that Japan would lose the war. Author James M. Scott explores this controversial subject and the man whose name sent chills down the spines of enemies, Gen. Curtis E. LeMay (1906-1990).

Before continuing, I want to issue a disclaimer to readers sensitive to descriptions of death and warfare. This book is not easy to read and if you believe that America should never have used atomic weapons, then it may not be for you. And though the author neither condemns or condones the use of either weapon, it is a case study on how Air Force commanders analyzed the failure to cripple Japan, and the lessons learned to inflict maximum devastation on the “Land of the Rising Sun”. But before we arrive at Japan’s doorstep, the author revisits the air campaign in Europe which played a crucial role in Germany’s defeat. The bombings of Dresden and Hamburg are discussed, and readers familiar with each event know that following each air raid, the German people realized increasingly that an overwhelming victory was an illusion. As to when they knew the war was lost is hard to pinpoint, but Operation Gomorrah on July 10, 1943, was a wake-up call. The advance of the Soviet Red Army in 1945 signaled that the end was near, and on April, 30 Hitler lived his last moments buried in his underground bunker before committing suicide. Germany had lost the war, but Japan continued to resist and the grim reality of mass casualties in a ground invasion was hard to accept. But everything changed when LeMay was given free rein to go after Japan. On a side note, LeMay had served in the European Theater and was re-assigned to the Pacific in 1944.

“Tokyo,” LeMay declared, “would be our target—the primary target, the secondary target, and the only target.”

Curtis E. LeMay is one of most controversial military figures in American history, and rightfully so. To some he is seen as a war criminal without feeling who would stop at nothing until victory was secure, but to others he was the person needed to conduct difficult orders which required a cold detailed analysis. The truth about LeMay lies in between both and contrary to his stern appearance, he did have a soft side. Snippets of his letters back home to wife Helen (1908-1992) and daughter Patricia Jane LeMay Dodge (d. 2016) reveal the effects of the war on the LeMay family. But on the outside to those who served under him, he was as tough as they came. Although Scott provides a good discussion of his life, the biographical data is brief in comparison to the larger story at hand which is the crux of the book. Readers who are interested in LeMay’s life will enjoy Warren Kozak’s ‘LeMay: The Life and Wars of General Curtis Lemay‘, which is a good biography of the famous aviator. Here, the story focuses on defeating Japan, and LeMay was determined to bring the empire to its knees. And this is where the story takes a darker turn as the air raids increase and the bombs become more severe in nature. 

As I read the book, I personally did not have difficulty with the subject matter and was aware of LeMay’s role in World War II. I expected a grim picture to emerge as the firebombing campaigns set Tokyo and other cities ablaze. In fact, it is a raw and unfiltered look into the final stages of the war and the destruction from the air raids masterminded by LeMay and his subordinates who ensured that the B-29 bomber earned a place in military history. But as one would expect, it is impossible to finish a book such as this without the issue of morality coming up. The post-bombing descriptions are graphic, but they drive home the brutality of war. And they also force us to confront whether LeMay was morally wrong for his successes. Surely, Japan was brutal to its Asian neighbors and had attacked the United States first, but what occurred under LeMay’s watch disturbed even the most seasoned military veterans. One one point, LeMay issues an interesting statement which makes it clear that if the Allies had lost, he knew his life would be over. But despite the firebombing raids, Japan still refused to surrender. Unbeknownst to Japan, in early summer 1945, LeMay is briefed on a new weapon at Los Alamos and its fate is sealed. 

The remainder of the book following the revelation of the atomic weapons focuses on the plans drawn up to drop the two bombs on Japan. It is not a discussion of the planning or work at Los Alamos. Organizational issues are discussed as LeMay’s squads prepare for the drops. And when they happen, the impact of what transpires can be felt while reading. Scott heightens the suspense as America unleashes weapons that changed history. On the ground, the result is swift, deadly, and catastrophic. And for many years afterwards, Japanese men, women and children would continue to suffer from the effects of the bombs. But they had the intended effect, and the emperor soon realized that destruction was in store if Japan did not surrender. In hindsight we know that it did but in August 1945 after the second bomb was dropped, military officials waited on edge for confirmation that Japan was waiving the white flag. That moment soon arrives and the announcement by the emperor is included in the book, bringing the narrative closer to its conclusion. 

After I finished the book, I sat for a few minutes deep in thought. I had my own questions about LeMay’s actions but also reminded myself that America was at war. And had Japan continued to fight, commanders in the Pacific were ready to drop more atomic weapons which would have resulted in complete destruction for Japan. And a ground war would have resulted in over one million casualties. The air raids were horrific, but they did bring the war to an end. Finally, every military has its own LeMay, that commander who can detach feelings from the mission at hand to ensure maximum carnage and victory. Throughout his life he  never regretted his actions and felt that it had to be done. There is an old saying that “war is hell”. It is but there are lessons to be learned so that the same mistakes are not repeated by future generations. And war also contains warnings not to be ignored. In successfully engineering Japan’s defeat, LeMay vindicated the late Captain William Lendrum “Billy” Mitchell (1879-1936) who warned that air defense was being overlooked at America’s peril. Mitchell was a fierce advocate for air power and his relentless drive to convince Washington earned him a court-martial. But in December 1941, his warnings came back to haunt the country when the Japanese military attacked the U.S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor. World War II is a part of the past, but it should never be forgotten. The war claimed millions of lives and left millions homeless and refugees as they wandered about in cities left in ruins. But the war also provided pivotal moments in the lives of those who served and survived such as the late Gen. Curtis E. LeMay. Highly recommended.

“I had to select a man for the job who had experience, knowledge, judgment, but who was also cold as steel when it came to sending out his missions. I selected Curt LeMay.” —GEN. HAP ARNOLD NOVEMBER 7, 1948

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B09TQ2RRFQ
Publisher ‏ : ‎ W. W. Norton & Company (September 6, 2022)

Murdering McKinley: The Making of Theodore Roosevelt’s America – Eric Rauchway

On By Genyc79In American History, AssassinationsLeave a comment

On September 6, 1901, President William McKinley (1843-1901) arrived in Buffalo, New York for a Pan-American Exposition. As he made his way through the crowd, a young man stepped forward with a revolver hidden from sight. Once in front of the commander-in-chief, the assailant Leon F. Czolgosz (1873-1901) raised the firearm and squeezed the trigger, mortally wounding McKinley who died on September 14, 1901. The assassin was apprehended by the authorities and became the number one public enemy. But to everyone’s surprise, he was forthright in his reasons for the shooting and showed no signs of psychosis or evidence of being part of any conspiracy to murder the president. The investigation should have been an open and shut case, but it was not. In fact, the murder of William McKinley set off a series of events that changed the United States.  Author Eric Rauchway examines the assassination and the fallout which ensued in its wake.

Following Czolgosz’s arrest and confession to intentionally murdering McKinley, he does receive legal counsel. However, while the criminal justice system turned its wheels, America soon realized that it had a new president by the name of Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919), who would transform America in ways that can still be felt today. The shooting is one part of the narrative with the author also focusing on Roosevelt’s administration and the changes in America. Interestingly, efforts to link the murderer to a foreign conspiracy of anarchists determined to destroy America come up short but highlight the fact that immigration has always been a hotbed issue in the United States. But I did take note of a statement by the assassin regarding his view of Republicans which sent chills down my spine because today, more than one hundred twenty-three years later, similar sentiments about the Republican party persist. And there is the issue of race which centers around the heroic actions of James B. “Jim” Parker (1857-1907), an African American migrant from the South who had fled Jim Crow to live in the North.

The Czolgosz family story is reviewed as well, with statements included from family members who provide background information on their infamous sibling. As I read, I could not find any evidence that the killer had any type of psychological impairment. His defense team was not easily convinced he was sane, and their position opens the discussion about the insanity defense and when it should apply. Until the very end, Czolgosz never changes his story as the trail of the assassin is followed and examined. In Washington, D.C., Roosevelt is busy remaking America into his vision for the future.

Students of American history will appreciate the discussion regarding Roosevelt’s rise and departure from office. His presidency is fascinating but not without its controversies. However, his policies remain examples of “progressive” politics. And this earned him supporters as well as enemies, and one of them attempted to execute a repeat of McKinley’s murder with Roosevelt, the intended victim. The surreal story is contained within, and Roosevelt’s actions following the attempted murder left me speechless. Theodore’s star continued to rise, but his decline was also lurking in the distance. And the succession of the presidency by William H. Taft (1857-1930) eventually guaranteed that Roosevelt would never again claim the fame he once had as president. But “Teddy” was far from done and launched the Progressive Party to gallantly return to Washington. In hindsight we know that things did not turn out as he had hoped but he had already cemented his legacy in American history.

Leon Czolgosz was eventually convicted and sentenced to death, but events post-mortem left me shocked. The disdain for the assassin is understandable, but the animus towards his remains is disturbing. Czolgosz never wavered from his statements as to why he shot McKinley. Whether he was mentally impaired remains to be proven but I do think we will ever see anything to the contrary. He was remorseless and prepared to accept his fate but, in the end, shooting the president did not accomplish any goals he had intended to complete. It did however, pave the way for one of the America’s most memorable presidents. This book is well-researched and well- written, and the author balances the narrative to provide a thorough discussion of the crime, the assassin’s story, Roosvelt’s ascent, and the aftermath as America went through growing pains. If you are interested in the assassination of William McKinley and a transformative period in American history, Rauchway’s book is a good place to start.

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B000RQ4FTE
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Hill and Wang; First edition (April 15, 2007)

And Then Life Happens: A Memoir – Auma Obama

On By Genyc79In AutobiographyLeave a comment

Imagine receiving a call that your brother in United States has just been elected to serve as the nation’s president. That is exactly what happened to Auma Obama when her brother Barack H. Obama became the Forty-Fourth President of the United States, serving two terms from 2008 to 2016. His story is well-known to Americans but the life of Auma back in Kenya is a footnote to his presidential success. This is her story and an inside look in the Obama family whose name is world-famous due to their distant relative from Hawaii who took America by surprise in an election campaign that was both riveting and inspiring. When I saw this autobiography appear in my list of recommendations, I decided to make the purchase and learn more about our former president’s Kenyan heritage.

The story begins in the Rachuonyo District of Kenya, where the Obama family resides. They are part of the Luo, a Nilotic ethnic group found in several sections of the African continent. Auma explains the family’s history, Luo customs and views on life, and the story of Barack Obama, Sr. (1934-1982) whose actions affect several families in diverse ways. As I read, I instantly noted that Auma was not the average Luo woman and fiercely determined to pave her own path in life. In the Luo culture, it is easier said than done for women to be independent, but she does not let her gender stop her. Of course, there are trials and tribulations along the way, including the unpredictable actions of her father Barack, Sr. I was aware that Barack, Jr., did not have a relationship with his father. However, I was not aware of the other families the father created across several time zones. This part of the book was a curve ball and would later come back to play a role in family relations long after Barack, Sr.’s death. But before we reach that tragedy, Auma is on the move and finds herself in route to Germany where she begins a new life in a nation completely different from Kenya.

Her anecdotes about finding her footing in Germany are humorous and relatable, and thankfully she was able to persevere. But there are hiccups on her journey, and a bad romance darkens her mood at one time in the book. However, life must go on and it did with Auma making a home in Europe which included a change of scenery from Germany to the United Kingdom where she finds love again and motherhood. In between moving from country to country, she remains in contact with her half-brother from Hawaii. She knows his name is Barack like their father but had never met sibling in America. Everything changes when they meet, and I love this part of the book. There are no cameras, press conferences or statements, just two siblings bonded by their father whose actions are not always understood. The affection between the two siblings and discussions about their upbringings is heartwarming. But there is one statement by the future president about his father’s absence that gave me a chill. And it drives home of the importance of a father in a child’s life.

In November 1982, Auma receives a call from relatives in Kenya that her father Barack, Sr., had died in an automobile accident and was taken to a local hospital by unknown persons. This part of the story is strange because there are unanswered questions about the end of his life. Auma pieces together the chain of events as best as possible but I could not help but feel chills thinking about his sudden death. However, it is clear from the story that towards of his life, he no longer held the same level of prestige as he did in his youth and had become an outcast to the Kenyan government. There are no conspiracy theories, and his death was never ruled a homicide, but there is mystery behind his demise. The family is left grieving, and Auma goes through a series of emotions as she confronts the reality that her father is gone, and her marital issues. But again, hope arrives in the form of her brother who has met his wife-to-be Michelle and decided that politics is his calling.

I do not want to spoil anything but the remainder of the book following her brother’s entry into politics is delightful and fascinating. Auma soon found herself in the media as Obama’s sister in Africa, but the reality is that they had formed a strong family bond years before Barack, Jr., knew he would run for public office. She manages the sudden fame as best as possible but has her moments when it is overwhelming, as we see in one situation where she is out with her daughter and second husband. Despite her reservations, her brother had catapulted her into the public light, but the story of the Obama family runs much deeper than the presidency. It is a story of tribal customs, emigration, a generation gap, tragedy, and success. If you want to know more about former President Obama, Auma Obama and the family name which holds a place in world history, this book is for you.

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B007FU7X6C
Publisher ‏ : ‎ St. Martin’s Press; First edition (April 24, 2012)

The Lynching: The Epic Courtroom Battle That Brought Down the Klan – Laurence Leamer

On By Genyc79In American History, Civil Rights MovementLeave a comment

Warning: This writing contains discussions of sensitive topics which include descriptions of violence and racial discrimination.

On March 21, 1981, police in Mobile, Alabama responded to a call that a body had been placed on Herndon Avenue in the downtown section of the city. First responders arrived to find the severely mutilated body of Michael Donald (1961-1981) which had been tied to a tree. The crime was horrific and left residents of the city stunned. But as police investigated the crime and more information surfaced, Mobile’s dark past would also come into focus, with a spotlight on racial terror under Jim Crow in the South. I placed a disclaimer at the top of the page because this book will affect you. Although the author does not focus extensively on acts of violence, incidents are discussed to emphasize the level of danger black people found themselves living with. Black Alabamans had come to accept that justice was not blind, and if you were not white, your life did not matter as much. However, that would change with Donald’s death. 

Prior to reading the book, I did not know about Donald’s murder, so this was my first time learning about the case. However, the book is more than a discussion of a tragic homicide. In fact, it is a valuable tool for insight into the long struggle for equality in America and the sacrifices made by the people on the front lines who gave their lives so that others could live in peace. After the initial shock of the crime subsides, the focus shifts to the culprits. And we are introduced to Bennie Jack Hays (1915-1993), his son Henry F. Hays (1954-1997), and James “Tiger” Knowles. Of all the books I have read, these men by far are among the darkest figures I have come across. In fact, Bennie was beyond dark, completely unrepentant and the personification of evil. And to remove all doubt, this quote by his own attorney sums it up:

“Bennie was one of the most truly evil people that I’ve ever come across,” says Mays. “Even in my criminal law practice, I’ve had few people I’ve represented who you could say basically were born without a conscience. Bennie Hays had no conscience. None.”

It should be noted that the men were not lone soldiers but members of the United Klans of America (“UKA”), and subordinates to its leader Robert Shelton (1929-2003) who reappears later in the story during civil ligation. Initially the case was cold, but a surprise break by federal agents leads to the arrests of the murderers. And more surprisingly, there is a confession by Henry. But that is far from the end of the story. And though Henry would be convicted of capital murder, the Donald family’s journey had more ground to cover, and this is where we learn about the family’s lawyer Morris Dees. I was familiar with Dees’s name but personal story I did not know. Having finished the book, I can now say that he is one of the most important people in civil rights litigation and the Southern Poverty Law Center (“SPLC”), an organization he co-founded, remains an icon in the never-ending battle for equality. But as readers will see in the book, Dees was not always the crusader for racial justice. In fact, his own odyssey from a “good old boy” to game changing litigator as told in the story is as surreal as the criminal case itself. However, people can and do change. 

In the wake of the criminal case, Dees approaches Beulah Mae Donald (1920-1988) and asks if he can represent her in a civil suit against the UKA. She is initially hesitant, not believing a jury would ever find the UKA responsible for her son’s death. But Dees was determined, and she agrees, and the book takes another turn but one back into time to examine the history of Alabama and Dees’s life. Readers from Alabama do not need a history lesson I am sure, but for those of us who have not lived in the state or are unfamiliar with the contents of the book, you are in for a difficult yet redeeming journey in which we are provided a front row seat to the dark side of human nature and the influence of former Alabama Governor George C. Wallace (1919-1998).  Readers should be aware that the incidents discussed are difficult to accept and seem unbelievable today. However, they happened, and in many cases, the perpetrators of violence escaped punishment. Interestingly, I did notice one source of paranoia for supporters of segregation and discrimination which left me shaking my head in disbelief. I do not want to issue any spoilers, but readers will notice it too as the book progresses. 

The section of the book which focuses on the civil rights era and events in Alabama is haunting. It is hard to put into words how deadly the 1960s was in America and the climate of death which followed civil rights leaders and activists. The violence became so intense that it warranted the involvement of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) and J. Edgar Hoover (1895-1972) himself. And at the top of the chain of command in Alabama there was Wallace leading the fight against integration. Frankly, the story is horrifying but it will also make you realize that there are rights we have today which should be protected at all costs. Wallace was a chameleon in many ways but undeniably responsible for violence which engulfed Alabama. His personal story is equally as dark, but the concluding chapter of his life is a complete 180 degree turn from when he proudly declared “segregation now, segregation tomorrow and segregation forever!”. An irony I noticed in the book is that the most unsavory characters were also the most tragic and their lives did not end well. Karma never forgets. 

Eventually, the civil trial arrives in which Shelton must take the stand and defend the UKA. He is confident of victory and his arrogance seeps through the pages. However, times had changed, Alabamans had seen too much violence and racial terror, and being a Klan member no longer afforded the level of protection that it once did. As someone who works in litigation now, the discussion of the proceedings hit close to home, and I felt overwhelming satisfaction when the jury announced the verdict. The UKA was financially finished, but its members did not disavow their beliefs overnight, and some never did.  But Mobile’s black residents finally had faith that justice was indeed blind. Of course, nothing is perfect, and the case did not eliminate discrimination, but it did show that hate comes with a hefty price tag. In 2006, the City of Mobile renamed Herndon Avenue to Michael Donald Way and made it clear that his name would never be forgotten. And this book by Laurence Leamer ensures that his murder and its impact on Alabama can be studied in the present and by future generations. 

ASIN‏ :‎ B0151VIAKO
Publisher‏ : ‎William Morrow; Reprint edition (June 7, 2016)

Blood Royal: A True Tale of Crime and Detection in Medieval Paris – Eric Jager

On By Genyc79In True Crime, World HistoryLeave a comment

On the night of November 23, 1407, Louis I, duke d’Orléans (1372-1407), younger brother of Charles VI (1368-1422), was violently murdered in Paris, France, by a group of masked assailants who escaped on horseback. Initially, investigators had little information but tasked a local detective named Guillaume de Tignonville (d. 1414) to find Louis’s killers. This book caught my attention due to my fondness for true crime material. The title alone gave me the idea that the material might be macabre, and to a certain extent it is. However, it is also a classic detective story with a plot twist that is shocking and unbelievable. Author Eric Jager takes us back to medieval France in 1407 to unravel a murder that sent chills down my spine.

Prior to reading the book, I was not aware of this historical event and had little knowledge of medieval France. As a result, the book felt like a new lesson in world history. I must warn readers that Louis’s murder is gruesome, and the description of the crime by the author is graphic. The crime is horrific, but what I also noticed was the descriptions of the living conditions for Parisians and the system of rule under Charles and Louis. Frankly, life in the medieval era was not for the faint of heart. Dysentery, pestilence, famine, and warfare routinely threatened people as they did their best to survive each day. After learning about daily life, the story changes when a mysterious man in a robe appears looking for a place to rent. After initial difficulty, he succeeds in renting space from a local family who could not have known that this act would set off a chain of events which lead to the duke’s assassination.

The back story to the duke’s reign is discussed, and it becomes apparent that Louis is anything but ordinary. Further, he has a few vices which earned him his fair share of enemies. And even for the medieval world, some of his actions were both appalling and egregious. The lead investigator de Tignonville finds himself facing a monumental task in finding the duke’s assassins. And here is where the art of solving crimes takes center stage. There are no modern-day forensic tools, this is a classic whodunit with the investigator using the established process of elimination and a laser focus to track down the murderers. But when his investigation takes him to a place he never expected, the story takes a sharp turn which guarantees the fallout will leave no one unscathed.

When the murderer was revealed in the book, I recoiled in shock. But as Jager explains the history between Louis and the person who plotted his death, the pieces of the puzzle fall into place. A deadly cat and mouse game had developed ensured that France would never forget its blood climax. Eventually, the public learns of the plotter’s identity, but what happens next is nothing short of surreal. In fact, it will make you question the concept of justice. Humiliation and absurdity become recurring themes, and even the famed detective is not immune. Complicating matters are personal issues among people in high positions of power, which are centered around fame, money, and infidelity. I guess in that sense, not much has changed today. Louis’s death left the nation in a vulnerable position and when England becomes aware of the turmoil in Paris, all bets are off, and the suspense heightens as conflict arrives at France’s doorstep. The descriptions of violent encounters and their aftermath are raw but also show the reality of those on the losing end of conquest during that time. Invasion was merciless and there was little pity for the losing side. But France did not take British encroachment lying down, and many Frenchmen would answer the call to serve at the Battle of Agincourt (October 25, 1415). Sadly, some people we learn about do not survive the conflict. But their determination to resist Brutal rule in service of France is noted.

Francophiles may possess in depth knowledge of this time in the country’s history. But for the rest of us learning for the first time, Jager’s book is a good place to begin. It is a well-researched and thorough account of a vicious crime that is straight out of a horror film. And that crime brought France to the brink of ruin. It is a case study of the dangers of greed and gratuitous violence. Paris is a different country today, but it too has its dark past which comes alive in the pages of this investigative report which will satisfy the curiosity of true crime lovers.

“Louis’s murder had plunged France into a bloody civil war, leading to a devastating English invasion under Henry V, followed by a brutal foreign occupation that began to lift only with Joan of Arc”.

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B00CO7FI54
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Little, Brown and Company; Illustrated edition (February 25, 2014)

My Remarkable Journey: A Memoir – Katherine Johnson with Joylette Hylick and Katherine Moore

On By Genyc79In BiographiesLeave a comment

On February 24, 2020, Katherine Johnson (1918-2020), a mathematician and aerospace technologist at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (“NASA”) died at the age of 101 years of age. Her remarkable life had ended, but her legacy and importance to the American space program did not. In 2016, the film ‘Hidden Figures‘ was released with actress Taraji P. Henson starring as Johnson. The motion picture received positive feedback but there is more to the story and there is no one better able to tell it than Johnson herself. And that is exactly what she does in this autobiography that is bound to inspire those who read it. And though the book is only two hundred fifty-three pages, her story is unbelievable and a testament to the fact that life is unpredictable.

Johnson’s story begins in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, in 1918, and from an early age she learns the ugliness of racial hatred but is supported by a loving family. School becomes her second home, and she develops a fondness for numbers. She did not know it at the time, but her ability to solve complex mathematical equations would take her places in life she could only dream of. And she soon learns that education is the vehicle to success. After leaving high school she was chosen to integrate West Virginia State University. The memories she shares of integration are not pleasant, but they do not stop her momentum. In fact, the adversity only spurs her to reach higher goals. And she makes friends in many places due to her pleasant nature and advanced intellect.

Amid continuing education, Johnson also finds love in first husband James with whom she begins a family. Career wise, she continued to push forward and finds herself at The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (“NACA”), the predecessor to NASA. And it is here that the story changes gears as the space mission intensifies. Johnson is joined by other women portrayed in the film, most notably Dorothy Vaughan (1910-2008). The story takes a tragic turn with James’s departure in 1956, but Johnson’s story was far from finished. On July 29, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969) signed legislation which created NASA whose mission was gaining consistent support through Congress. And the arrival of President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) proved to be the spark that NASA needed to reach heights once thought unreachable. Johnson watches it all unfold as a crucial component of the space mission and can hardly contain her joy when Kennedy pledges support and additional funding for NASA’s objectives. And although the United States did not beat the Soviets to space, NASA did launch successful missions of its own. Johnson provides an interesting anecdote about the role of astronaut John Glenn (1921-2016) and her role in making sure his mission was a success. Her account is fascinating, and a reminder of the importance of merit. There is a statement she makes which has remained with me, and these words may resonate with you as well:

“The point is this: if you want to know something or don’t understand, ask questions. The path to your destiny may start with a simple question“.

Love re-enters the story in the form of second husband Jim who she remained married to until his death in 2019. She found another source of happiness and in 1986 she retired from NASA. But little did she know that life had more in store for her. The epilogue follows her post-retirement which includes being awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2015 by President Barack H. Obama. And then came Hollywood and an appearance at the 89th Academy Awards ceremony. The stories are heartwarming and may leave you shedding a tear. All that takes place in her later years is the comeuppance for a lifetime of government service where she played critical roles in the most momentous events in the history of America’s space program. NASA also made sure to keep her legacy alive, and its actions as explained in the end will ensure that she lives forever. I thoroughly enjoyed reading this book and did not want it to conclude. If you are looking for a delightful read, this is an uplifting story that is sure to leave a smile on your face.

“We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win.” – President John F. Kennedy, September 12, 1962

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B08G1MTFMS
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Amistad (May 25, 2021)

Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam -Frances Fitzgerald

On By Genyc79In Vietnam WarLeave a comment

Last summer at a family cookout, I noticed my uncle who had served in the Vietnam War, wearing a baseball cap which indicated that he was a veteran of the conflict. It was the first time I had seen him wear anything connected to Vietnam or the military. As I watched him, I asked myself why it took so long for Vietnam veterans to find acceptance and peace. He is from a generation which fought in a deeply unpopular war that saw America fall short of its stated goal. The official policy was to help South Vietnam withstand communism and survive as its own democratic republic but the reality on the ground was far more complicated. The truth about South Vietnam is a bitter pill to swallow but necessary in understanding the failures which took place. Author and Pulitzer Prize winner Frances Fitzgerald originally wrote this book in 1971 and it was published in 1972, three years before the conflict’s end. But contained in its pages is an insightful discussion about Vietnamese history, French colonialism, and America’s entry into Indochina. And having finished the book, I can say with certainty that it is one the best books I have ever read about the war in Vietnam. 

Fitzgerald did not serve in the military and the book is not written from a soldier’s point of view. Her focus is on South Vietnam, particularly the instability of its government and the complex social structure in Vietnam which western minds struggled to understand. The book excels is explaining how and why the Vietnamese lived as they did. These lessons seemed to have been lost to officials as the conflict heated up. Readers do not need prior knowledge of the war to find value in this book. In fact, no prior knowledge is needed. Fitzgerald covers the country’s history, the French occupation, and the buildup to American intervention. Her narrative is smooth and flows  beautifully, which makes the book easy to read and engaging from start to finish. 

I have read and reviewed several books on Vietnam, each with its own approach to the war. But the book I found to be the closest in comparison to this discussion by Fitzgerald is Fredrik Logevall’s ‘Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America’s Vietnam‘, which I strongly recommend for anyone interested in the war’s history. However, I believe Fitzgerald’s account in regard to South Vietnam is absolute gold. And the nexus of President Ngo Dinh Diem (1901-1963), brother Ngo Dinh Nhu (1910-1963) and sister-in-law Madame Nhu (Trần Lệ Xuân)(1924-2011) is explored thoroughly in one of the most thorough explanations I have read.  This trifecta of power would affect Vietnam in many ways and haunt the American effort in the years that followed their removal from power in 1963. But this was no secret in Washington as we see in the book. Readers may also want to take a look at the book by former Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara (1916-2009) ‘In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam‘, which is a fair analysis of the failures by officials in handling the conflict. McNamara is seen as a villain by some, and the war’s chief architect by others. His role and errors are discussions for another time, but his book is still a valuable source of information. 

Prior to American troops landing in Vietnam, warnings had been issued by both foreign governments and the United States intelligence apparatus. A young and well-traveled senator from Massachusetts named John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) was convinced that a war in Indochina was a disaster, but he would be forced to confront the matter himself when he was elected to the presidency in 1960. But despite numerous warnings, the stage was set in the wake of the Gulf of Tonkin incident in August 1964. President Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973) asked for and received congressional authority to use military force in Vietnam.  In four years, the war became an “albatross” around his neck and played a significant role in his decision not to seek or accept the Democratic nomination for the 1968 presidential election. In Vietnam, American military commanders continued to face an enemy encouraged by deception and a mindset that seemed inexplicable to the west. And added to the mix is the National Liberation Front (“NLF”) whose goal was to remove the Diem regime from power and seek reunification with North Vietnam. As I read, I found my view of the conflict changing as I understood more about the NLF and the dislike of the Diem regime. Further, the author highlights the degradation of Vietnamese society due to its American occupiers. This part of the book may be difficult for some to accept, but what the author discusses is crucial in understanding why South Vietnam could never stand on its own. 

As the war rages on, American officials and military commanders are forced to accept uncomfortable truths. Publicly, the belief in American victory remained strong, but behind closed doors, Washington knew that the war was not going as planned and victory not as certain as one would believe. And the Tet Offensive in January 1968, was a sobering wake up call for anyone who assumed the war would be over soon. Fitzgerald discusses the offensive and its impact here as well, and she also pulls no punches regarding American atrocities in Vietnam. The war had turned Indochina into hell, and she drives home the point that instead of liberating South Vietnam, America flipped it upside down in ways which officials had not anticipated. The Vietnamese people had their lives upended for a cause which many of them had no strong feeling in support of.

Following Johnson’s decision not to see re-election in 1968, a new president arrives and inherits the war in Vietnam. The administration of Richard M. Nixon (1913-1994) would have its own difficulties with the raging infernor which he pledged to bring to an end. But he would soon find out that doing so was far more difficult than that implied. The war’s expansion into neighboring Cambodia set off alarm bells and revealed the uncomfortable truth that the nightmare in Vietnam was far from over. The heartbreaking saga plays out in the book but ends in 1971 when Fitzgerald finishes her analysis. Hauntingly, her words proved to be prophetic and the departure of American forces in 1975 was confirmation that without permanent U.S. involvement, reunification was bound to happen. 

After I finished the book, I sat silently for a few minutes thinking about the war and its many casualties. I thought of my uncle who carries scars from the war, both physically and mentally. In a rare moment of admission, he once told me that people asked him why he had answered his draft call. He never wanted to go to Vietnam but did not have the money or connections to avoid being called to serve. So, he took his draft card and arrived at his assigned location. And several months later, he found himself three thousand miles away in a country he had never seen to fight in a war he wanted no part of. And that is the story of many Vietnam veterans who are still with us today. I can only hope that they receive the acknowledgment and acceptance they have not always been given. If you are a student of the Vietnam War, you will appreciate this book. 

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B0028MM2MM
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Little, Brown and Company (May 5, 2009)

 

In the Ghost Shadows: The Untold Story of Chinatown’s Most Powerful Crime Boss – Peter Chin with Everett De Morier

On By Genyc79In BiographiesLeave a comment

The Chinatown section of Manhattan in New York City has always had an aura of attraction and mystery. The Cantonese and Mandarin languages spoken by its inhabitants have provided the neighborhood with a form insulation which kept the eyes of outsiders at bay. But for those who venture into the area, there is an abundance of outstanding cuisine, endless shops, and the realization of a city within a city. I personally have walked the streets of Chinatown as an eager shopper and have driven its streets on my way to the Manhattan Bridge to return to Brooklyn. But what many are unaware of is the dark history of Chinatown and the powerful crime bosses who once ruled with iron fists. This book is the story of the former boss of the Ghost Shadows gang, Peter Chin. Readers may recognize Chin from his appearance on the YouTube channel called Vlad TV. Here, his unbelievable story is presented by author Everett De Morier as told to him by the former crime boss. And it is a deep dive into a world most New Yorkers did not know existed.

You may be wondering why a former crime boss decided to tell his life story. It is a good question, and the long road taken by the author in telling Chin’s story is explained. Chin could take what he knows with him to the grave when he takes his final breath. But a suggestion by a former New York City Police Department (“NYPD”) officer plants a seed in his mind which results in Chin agreeing to tell his story. And once he begins, the book becomes a roller coaster ride as we run the streets of Chinatown and explore the criminal underworld. The story begins in China but when Peter is eight, the family emigrates to New York City where they are reunited with his father Bark Chin, who forms a dark cloud over the home. Also, he makes an appearance late in the story in a role that is interesting and puzzling. Father and son did not have a good relationship, and what Chin recalls left me shaking my head at times. Any questions regarding the importance of a strong father in the home are answered here.

Sadly, Chin’s personal life provided the perfect pretext for his gravitation towards the streets. And through a series of events, he soon finds himself running with the Ghost Shadows. But he quickly learns that Chinatown is a hotbed of turf battles and throughout the story we see the rise and fall of other gangs such as the White Tigers, Flying Dragons under Michael Chen (1950-1983) and the Hip Sing Tong led by the Godfather of Chinatown Benny “Uncle Seven” Ong (1907-1994). Gunfights, fistfights, back door deals and homicides are on the menu as Chinatown turned into a battle zone. While I read, I was taken back because as a New Yorker, I know that geographically, Chinatown is not as big as one might expect. Encounters between gangs often occur due to their proximity to each other. And when they cross paths, the tension escalates at breakneck speed. Chin finds himself a target more than once in the book, and one incident leaves him at Downtown Beekman Hospital for an extended stay. But despite the dangers, Chin continues to rise to the top and along the way as he makes friends with powerful crime figures and others holding access to vast amounts of wealth. It is the type of gangster story Hollywood loves to produce but this is non-fiction and Chin’s life was on the line daily.

There is one area of the story that I wish had more content and that is Chin’s marriage and his son Anthony. His wife and son are mentioned but rarely, and this is likely because Chin was telling the story and chose to keep them out of it. In fact, the author does explain that Chin kept them hidden in Brooklyn for their protection while he conducted business on the streets. As the cash rolls in and he gains fame and respect, his exposure to law enforcement also grows, drawing the attention of the NYPD’s Jade Squad and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”). Readers will see that his fall is inevitable but there is still time before that happens, and that means more violence on the streets of Chinatown. The swift pace in which situations escalate gives new meaning to the term “on sight”. Actions are instant and deadly, with shocking displays of rage and destruction which claim innocent lives and places Chinatown’s gangs in the crosshairs of prosecutors who had been given a tool unlike anything courts had seen before: the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, simply known as “RICO”.  This new law would devastate criminal organizations across the country and takedown Chinese gangsters, the Italian Mafia and other crime figures who remain behind bars.

Chin’s fall, which we know is coming eventually does but I surprised at the sentenced he received and did not anticipate the judge’s ruling. It hits Chin like a stack of bricks, but jail proves to be the place he needed to be. His time in prison is interesting and shows that old habits die hard. The seasoned gangster moves like you would expect inside prison walls revealing that the world within its walls has its own structure which outsiders would not understand. However, prison also proves to be a turning point when he meets an inmate who gives him two gifts which change his life permanently. And when readers reach this point in the book, the realization that Chin rose to surreal heights without a full formal education will set in. It did for me. And it is here that his redemption begins. Luckily for him, there is life after prison which we learn of towards the end of the book when he is reborn and comes full circle. And in an ironic twist of fate, a prosecutor who once chased him, finds himself facing criminal charges. Further, the prosecutor in Chin’s case would later gain infamy for her role in a case which shook New York City to its core, and later revealed disturbing questions of misconduct, bigotry, and wrongful prosecution. In this story, Chin rides off into the sunset, but his story is not over, and he has many years to live and can look back on his time as the leader of the Ghost Shadows. If you love history and the stories from New York City, you will love this.

“Anyone who thinks criminals don’t follow the news coverage about them is dead wrong. They follow it avidly. That’s how Chin’s gang came by their name. A newspaper reporter had written a story about their crimes and concluded with a bit of a poetic flourish: They came in like a shadow and left without a trace . . . like a ghost shadow.”

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B0D2SNJV9Z
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Citadel Press (January 21, 2025)