The President and the Freedom Fighter : Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglass, and Their Battle to Save America’s Soul- Brian Kilmeade

On February 9, 2025February 9, 2025 By Genyc79In Civil WarLeave a comment

On December 6, 1865, Congress ratified the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which marked the end to slavery and indentured servitude in the United States. President Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) had approved the version presented before in January of that year but did not live to see it ratified, having been assassinated at Ford’s Theater on April 14, 1865. The ratification of the amendment was a bittersweet vindication of Lincoln and a former slave who became one of America’s strongest voices for abolition. Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) outlived Lincoln by thirty years but remained committed to the goal of equality and an America representative of all its inhabitants. This book is the story of their lives, friendship and the issue of slavery, over which America pulled itself apart.

This book is a not a standard biography of either Lincoln or Douglass, but author Brian Kilmeade does provide enough background information to give readers a solid understanding of their beginnings which stand in stark contrast. Lincoln, who was born free as a White American, was the extreme opposite of Douglass who was born enslaved in Maryland. But as they both matured, America began to go through a metamorphosis and each man would find his calling in pushing the nation forward. However, to appreciate the crossing of their paths in life, Kilmeade moves back and forth between he key events which shaped their views of America and their purposes in life.

Although the book is not a standard biography of either figure, I did find a wealth of information in the book. And for readers who are well read on both, Kilmeade’s narrative can still be of value. While reading the book I could see the importance in the contrast between Douglass and Lincoln setting the stage for future events. And this is a strong aspect of the book. Each man came to detest slavery but through extremely different paths. Lincoln would use the courts and politics, but Douglass’s journey was far more difficult and dangerous and would take him through abolitionist circles which results in the appearance of notable historical figures in the story which heightens the suspense.

Any story regarding Federick Douglass is incomplete without mention of William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879), a staunch abolitionist and strong influence in Douglass’s life, and the abolitionist John Brown (1800-1859). Each man plays a significant role in the book, and Brown’s story is fascinating on its own. He remains both famous and infamous depending on who you ask. However, we cannot deny the impact of his raid on the Harper’s Ferry federal arsenal in 1859. That event sent shockwaves across the United States and might have been far more deadly if other noted abolitionists had stood behind Brown’s actions. The relationship between Brown and Douglass is a moving part of the story and highlights the difference between conviction and recklessness.

While the abolitionists are fighting the battle against slavery in public, Lincoln comes into his own as a politician with a bright future. His rise to fame in what became the Republican Party is part of the story as well, and what we witness is an odyssey taking place as Lincoln’s views on slavery are challenged and changed. And part of that progression was his relationship with Douglass, which is the crux of the book. As a history lover, I thoroughly enjoyed this part of the story. Of course, we cannot ignore the “elephant in the room” which is the looming American Civil War. The buildup is part of the account, particularly the growing resentment in South Carolina when it becomes clear that Lincoln is the favorite to win the 1860 presidential election. His victory that November was seen as proof by the newly formed Confederate States of America in January 1861 that secession was the only option. And on April 21, 1861, the first shots of the war were fired, sending America into darkness for the next four years. For Douglass and Lincoln, the conflict brought them closer together and saw the end of their friendship.

As the war heats up, both men are watching with uneasiness as Confederate forces prove to be tougher than expected. The Union needed an advantage and here is another crucial part of the story when the subject of black fighting units takes center stage. Ironically, the idea of colored troops caused division as deeply as the war itself. In hindsight we know that the Union eventually formed units of black soldiers who performed equally as courageous as white troops. The saga of the Union’s colored soldiers is captured with grace and respect by the author who has given us a valuable book regarding a dark time in American history. In April 1865, the war comes to a bloody end, but Douglass’s story is not yet finished. And the South was determined to rise again.

Following the war, the story continues with Douglass’s life and the changes he endured as America was altered for better and worse. Reconstruction, Jim Crow, and southern resentment would affect the lives of Black Americans for decades to come. Douglass remained steadfast in the movement for civil rights, but he could not escape father time and makes his departure from the story in 1895. Both men were gone but their legacies were cemented in history. And through books like this we can step back in time to revisit an era when America was at a crossroads with morality, technology, and the very constitution our nation is founded on. There are tragic moments in the book, but it is a story which provides enlightenment, humility and an appreciation for the things we take for granted. Highly recommended.

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B08Z7RC9N6
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Sentinel (November 2, 2021)

The Hillside Stranglers: The Inside Story of the Killing Spree That Terrorized Los Angeles – Darcy O’Brien

On February 1, 2025 By Genyc79In UncategorizedLeave a comment

During the 1970s and 1980s, the City of Los Angeles became home to some of the most notorious serial killers in American history. Serial murder was not a new concept, but the Robbery Homicide Division of the Los Angeles Police Department had its hands full as death spread across the City of Angels. Among these notorious killers were two cousins originally from Rochester, New York, who turned Los Angeles into a hunting ground and became known to the public as the Hillside Stranglers. Angelo Buono, Jr. (1934-2002) and Kenneth Bianci unleashed a wave of terror across Southern California as they lived out their sadistic fantasies. Their convictions and imprisonment were a relief to the people of Los Angeles, but their story is more extensive than the infamous crimes. Award-winning author Darcy O’Brien looks at the story in this book that is chilling, haunting, and true crime at its best.

Before continuing, readers should be aware that the descriptions of crimes committed by Buono and Bianci by the author are graphic and will be upsetting to readers sensitive to true crime material. I winced several times as I read the details of their crime spree, and I typically have a strong constitution regarding the subject matter. Franky, the story is not for everyone. But I also understood that the severity of their crimes could not have been told any other way and the text by O’Brien drives that point home. The real-life events which transpired across Los Angeles were far more brutal in nature and I can only imagine the terror and physical pain the victims felt at the hands of the merciless killers. At one point it felt as if the two were invincible, but the LAPD assigned its best to the case and the two detectives who stand out in the story are storied investigators Frank Salerno and Bob Grogan. The case would prove to haunt everyone involved, and Grogan’s life goes through a transformation of its own as the book progresses. But at no point does he waver in his determination to catch the murderers.

In between the crime spree and detectives’ investigation, we also learn the back stories of Buono and Bianci. Their roots are in my home state of New York, but their crimes consumed the West Coast. The dysfunction of both, combined with criminal activity and psychopathic tendencies, set the stage for the darkness to engulf Los Angeles. Buono’s life is nothing short of mind-bending, and Bianci’s was not much better. I soon realized that they were dangerous many years before the string of murders. In the beginning of the book Buono is residing by himself and Bianci later joins him after moving to the West Coast. And what develops is a co-dependence which functions on anarchy. It would have deadly consequences for the young women of Southern California.

The story of their crimes is shocking enough but added to this is that both fathered children of their own. And that casts an even darker cloud over the story which descends into further insanity with each passing crime. But a decision by Bianci to leave the Los Angeles area after detectives begin to suspect the two, would have life-altering consequences for the two and prove to be the first stage of failure of the Hillside Stranglers. Seeking to reconcile with the mother of his son, Bianci relocated to Bellingham, Washington. At first, there seems to be the sense that he has found a new life and escaped justice. But as we soon see, Bianci was nowhere close to reformation and soon turned Bellingham upside down and caught the attention of the LAPD.

Once the investigation heats up, the graphic descriptions of the crimes begin to subside. The focus shifts to police work and this part of the book pulled me in as Grogan and other homicide detectives begin to piece together the disturbing actions of Buono and Bianci, the latter of which helps blow the case open. But before that happens, a charade of multiple personalities takes place with the added component of a stolen identity. Added to the circus is the groupie Veronica Compton, who landed an extensive prison sentence of her down due to unwavering devotion to the incarcerated Bianci. The story is surreal and makes one wonder how people become enamored with the darkest segments of society.

Buono’s subsequent arrest and the trial of both consume the remainder of the book, and it is also a roller coaster ride. The actions by the district attorney, defense counsel and even a juror left me wondering about the merits of the criminal justice system. However, there is a voice of reason in Judge Ronald M. George who issues a critical ruling on a motion which changed the course of the trial. And despite the evidence, prosecutors still had to prove their case which they do and secure a conviction for both. The jury had its own issues as explained in the book, and it reminded me of the problems that arise when people are sequestered for extended periods of time. As the trial reached its conclusion, I also felt relieved even though it is 2025 and I am nowhere close to Los Angeles. The book kept me glued to its pages even though I previously knew who Buono and Bianci were and was aware of other aspects of the case. While reading, I could easily picture Los Angeles and feel the suspense gripping the streets. I have previously visited the city and told my fiancé at the time that I felt a strange vibe there but could not explain it fully. Part of the feeling was that I was aware that Los Angeles has a very dark side to it.

The case of the Hillside Stranglers concluded forty-one years ago and Bianci remains in prison, but their legacy remains a haunting reminder of the dangers which lurk all around us necessitating vigilance and the dedication of the people of law enforcement. Hollywood has attempted to capture the crimes of the stranglers for the silver screen with both a television drama called ‘The Case of Hillside Stranglers‘ (1989) and motion picture called ‘The Hillside Strangler‘ (2004), but their story, as told here, will stay with you long after you have finished this book.

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B00KQZY3LQ
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Open Road Media (July 1, 2014)

The Andy Warhol Diaries – Andy Warhol and Pat Hackett

On January 30, 2025January 30, 2025 By Genyc79In Journal2 Comments

This statement may be bold, but there will never be another Andrew Warhola (1928-1987), known to the world as Andy Warhol. The undisputed king of pop art remains an iconic figure, vividly remembered for his bright colored wigs, thin frame, and soft-spoken nature. He seemed to be everywhere and knew everyone and was firmly entrenched in popular social circles. But behind the fame, there was a different Andy, misunderstood and overlooked. Several years before his death, Warhol asked his close friend Pat Hackett to help in transcribing his personal diaries. The pages totaled over twenty thousand but were condensed by Hackett into a final product suitable for publishing. This Kindle version is condensed slightly further but it is still an impressive eight-hundred forty-two pages which cover the years 1976 to 1987. Warhol died on February 22, 1987, following surgery to have his gallbladder removed, which explains the abrupt ending of the diaries. However, there is more than enough material in the book to satisfy Warhol fans.

The book is not a biography at all. Warhol does mention family members but only regarding the day’s diary entry. This is a collection of daily observations about work, friends, the New York City nightlife, and his inner struggles. If you watched the Netflix series ‘The Andy Warhol Diaries’, then this book will feel like closure. I watched the docuseries and thought it was one of the best Netflix has released. Of course, the producers could have added more material because Andy’s life was a non-stop show which reached a heartbreaking conclusion. But surprisingly, in the diaries, Andy himself is not the over-the-top eccentric character you might expect. In fact, those around him steal the show and what Andy recorded is nothing short of wild. His diaries also confirm that the lifestyles of the rich and famous are sometimes out of control.

As the diaries progress, we become familiar with Andy’s social circle which consist of fashion designer Halston (1932-1990) and boyfriend Victor Hugo (1948-1994), author Truman Capote (1924-1984), rockstar Mick and wife Bianca Jagger, fashion columnist Diane Vreeland (1903-1989), Interview editor Bob Colacello, and fashion designer Diane von Furstenberg. I did notice that Jed Johnson (1948-1996) is rarely mentioned. Johnson’s role as an employee at Warhol’s Union Square office and love interest following the 1968 shooting of Andy by Valerie Solanis (1936-1988) that nearly killed him, naturally gave me the expectation to read more about his life with Warhol. However, that is not the case here. Jed is mentioned but in passing, and the most significant entry is when he moves out of their place in December 1980. Understandably, the end of their relationship was difficult for Warhol and whether he omitted Johnson intentionally or whether Hackett left those pages out at his request I do not know. Jed is discussed extensively in the Netflix docuseries.

Readers will notice that early in the day, the diary entries are mundane but as night falls, and New York City comes to life, the entries heat up as the gang meets up for nights of mayhem with the famed Studio 54 being their home base. The entries are unreal, and yes, there are copious amounts of drugs, alcohol, and debauchery. Frankly, if you know anything about Warhol and his crew, then the diaries are everything you expect. Some are more extreme than others, but each has his or her own set of problems making the narrative more intriguing. Andy’s observations are revealing and humorous. They were stars but as we see, their personal lives were all over the place. Andy’s diaries reveal the human side of people known to the public through a carefully crafted image. The veil is lifted here to reveal their fears, anger, concerns, and moments of reflection. But of all the people he discussed, Victor Hugo stands out as the most outrageous rascal of the bunch. He was an exciting, daring, obscene yet tragic figure whose own story is a discussion for another time.

After Jed moves out, Andy finds himself in a sunken place, but he finds a new crush in Paramount movie executive Jon Gould (1953-1986). There is not much of a story here except for random entries by Andy discussing their phone calls, infrequent times together and where their relationship was going. However, Andy does say that Gould had asked him to be kept out of the diaries, and that may be the explanation for the lack of material. But this results in more confusion about the nature of their relationship which seems to have been asexual. And when Gould becomes the latest victim to a deadly new virus spreading among gay men, the wedge between them began to grow.

As Andy details his daily routine, travels abroad and escapades at night, we also see that he fears the virus originally termed the “gay cancer”. Warhol did not contract the virus himself due to his lack of sexual activity. In fact, in one diary entry, he flatly states that he “does not do anything”. He was idle but the virus was all around him and after Gould’s admission to New York Hospital in 1984 for pneumonia, Andy gave instructions to his housekeeper which are explained in the diary, which highlights his fear of the mysterious virus. While I read of the demise of close friends and famous stars who had contracted HIV, I found myself transported back in time to re-live the shock I had when the news broke of those stories. It was a dark time, and no one who lived through the 1980s will ever forget the shock of HIV and AIDS. Andy was spared HIV, but he had his own health battles which rise to the surface in the book. His notorious gallbladder, which resulted in that fateful surgery in February 1987, was not a sudden illness. There are multiple diary entries in which he discusses the problem and his diet, which was not very friendly towards it. And his alcohol consumption only added fuel to the fire. Warhol was aware of this and pokes fun at himself and acknowledges when he is falling short of where he should be. And despite his fame, endless list of friends and acquaintances, intimacy was missing. Had he lived, would Andy have found true love? We will never know.

These diaries are a roller coaster ride and a trip down memory lane. The book is full of guest appearances and steps back in time to the 1980s art scene where young ambitious creators such as Keith Haring (1958-1990) and Jean-Michel Basquiat (1960-1988) were making their names known. Andy talks about both, with strong focus on his relationship with Jean-Michel whose drug use was an issue for many years prior to his sudden death. I did notice the affinity Warhol had for Basquiat’s mother and her island cuisine. Readers interested in the lives of both will enjoy Brad Gooch’s ‘Radiant: The Life and Line of Keith Haring‘ and Phoebe Hoban’s ‘Basquiat: A Quick Killing in Art‘. Here they each play a part in Andy’s life, along with the others who compose the cast of characters entrenched in the world of Andy Warhol. Colacello also wrote about his time with Andy in ‘Holy Terror: Andy Warhol Up Close‘. Andy’s notes and comments force us to confront the realities of fame, tragedy, race, creativity, and mortality. Warhol was brilliant at watching and creating, and social media would have been heaven on earth for him. For us older readers, these diaries are the old school version of today’s platforms known as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Andy Warhol was one of a kind. This book is far from short, but if you want to know more about Andy Warhol and the people in his world, this is highly recommended.

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B002WAUVQ4
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Grand Central Publishing (November 11, 2009)

Perón – Joseph A. Page

On January 18, 2025 By Genyc79In BiographiesLeave a comment

peron An old friend once said to me that in Argentina “it is rare for a non-Peronist president to finish a full term”. The remarked surprised me at first but then I thought of the late Juan Domingo Perón (1895-1974) who served as Argentina’s president three times. His final term was short-lived due to his death on July 1, 1974, in Buenos Aires. Today the country is under the leadership of Javier Milei who famously raised a chainsaw on the campaign trail as he promised to slash government spending. Time will tell if Milei’s approach is the right course, but no leader can move Argentina forward without acknowledging the influence of Perón. This biography was on the list of recommendations I regularly receive and immediately caught my attention. And what I found is a well-researched, well-written and engaging account of Perón’s life and the turbulent political history of Argentina.

During one of my visits to Argentina, I had the opportunity to witness a discussion regarding Perón’s legacy. The participants were people I met through a mutual friend and had come over for dinner. The conversation quickly grew tense with both sides digging into their respective positions. As the only American in the group, I realized that it was imperative for me to listen and refrain from speaking. I was in their country and needed to hear their history as they knew it. And I saw firsthand how Perón had shaped the lives and minds of Argentines decades after his passing. Of course, the discussion was far from the final analysis on the legacy of Juan Perón. But it did provide me with crucial insight, and I relied on those memories as I began to read this definitive biography.

Although I strongly recommend some research into Perón’s presidency beforehand, it is not required to enjoy this book. The author provides a discussion of Argentine history which readers will find fascinating. Included in the discussion is the election of Hipólito Yrigoyen (1852-1933), who famously became known as “the father of the poor” and the first democratically elected president. As the story moves forward, we are introduced to the Perón family and patriarch Mario Tomás Perón. The story is typical of South America at that time but when Juan decides on a military career over medicine or law, his life and that of Argentines was destined for change. There is nothing about military career which stands out in the book, but he did find time for love and walks down the aisle with Aurelia Tizón (1908-1938) in 1929. Their union is happy but short-lived, and her death serves as an eerie premonition for what would later come in 1952.

Perón moves through the ranks steadily but before he reaches the pinnacle, the world is forced to confront the growing Nazi threat from the Third Reich in Berlin. The outbreak of World War II set the world ablaze, but it also placed Argentina in a difficult position. The information contained here is crucial for it explains the long and difficult path Argentina and America have traveled together. Neutrality, escaping Nazi leaders and the looming Cold War stirred tensions between the two nations. Page provides a wealth of information to provide the reader with a thorough picture of what happened and why. Further, the impact of former U.S. Ambassador to Argentina Spruille Braden (1894-1978) cannot be overlooked. His battles with Perón are a significant aspect of the relationship between Washington, D.C. and Buenos Aires.

In 1945, both Germany and Japan surrendered ending World War II. On the domestic front, Perón’s had ascended to the leadership position of the nation and his changes once again when Maria Eva Duarte de Perón (1919-1952) enters the story and becomes the most popular First Lady in Argentina’s history. On her own, Eva Perón is a fascinating figure, and there are books, a play, and a movie about her life. However, the focus here is on Juan and his rise to power. We do learn about their private life, and the dedication Eva had for him. Although it is not clear when she developed the condition that claimed her life, there are clues in the story. But what is definite is that both Juan and Eva both knew that something was terribly wrong with her health. The author explains the developing tragedy with the right amount of tact, making sure to keep Juan as the focus of the book but giving enough attention to Eva’s struggles with her own mortality. Readers who want to know more about her life will find ‘Evita: The Real Life of Eva Perón ‘ by Nicholas Fraser and Marysa Navarro to be a fair starting point. We can see that the end is coming and the final scene in her life plays out as one would expect, devastating Juan and the nation. But there is more to her death and the movement of her casket post-mortem between multiple countries is a surreal and nightmarish story on its own as readers will learn.

Though in mourning, Juan’s problems were only beginning, and domestic tensions continue to brew. The buildup of the opposition forces to Perón’s reign is captivating, and the stage is soon set for his exile which lasted an overwhelming seventeen years. His defiance and exodus play out like a major motion picture with suspense, tragedy and emotions running rampant. But what Argentines could not have known was that Perón would come back and take control of the country. His time in exile is equally fascinating, and we follow him through South America, the Caribbean, and Spain where he established long-term residency. In each country, Perón is a guest but also witness to history as coups and political violent take place time after time necessitating a quick exit by the former Argentine president. Students of Latin American history will find this section of the book to be intriguing and Venezuela stands out due to current day events.

Perón’s time in Spain is uneventful, however he soon finds third wife Isabel Martínez de Perón, who is still alive today. Their marriage provided Juan with a boost in image which had been severely damaged through the scandal involving teenager Nelly Rivas (1939-2012). Perón denied any improper behavior regarding their relationship but as shown in the book, there was more to the story. You can be the judge. Isabel’s entry in the picture sealed any hope of Rivas finding her way to Juan and the “Conductor” as Perón was informally known, set his sights on his native land and the throne he once claimed. And thus, the stage is soon set for his triumphant return to Argentina. But before I go further, it is necessary to mention a figure in the story whose name is still obscure. When I read of José López Rega (1916-1989) I could not recall any information I had previously come across to explain his role. However, Page solves that issue and Rega’s involvement in the life of Juan and Isabel is both mystifying and absurd. He was a character out of central casting, but his influence could not be denied. His rise and fall are covered here and provide an interesting and unbelievable sub-story to the main narrative.

The return of Perón to Argentina plays out as readers will expect, with flair and drama. But what is more important are the incidents which took place preceding his return and allowed for his next presidency. Anyone who knows Argentine politics will understand the short-lived tenures of numerous presidents and military rule to stabilize the country. Page does not go into the “disappeared” which is a dark and unsettling time in Argentina’s history. But as someone who has visited the country, those who were taken in the 1970s never to be seen again have not been forgotten, and the era continues to haunt the nation. The downfall of presidents, military actions and vitriol used by political candidates provides a roller coaster ride that the author takes us through. The story is surreal at times but also a reminder of the fragility of democracy. Argentines who lived through these times have stories they can tell you, and the emotion with which they speak will say more than their words.

After making his return to Argentina and the presidency, Perón’s life moves toward its conclusion as his health issues become more frequent and serious in nature. Curiously, the Central Intelligence Agency had been keeping reports on the matter and their findings are included in the story. It will be clear to readers that the end is coming and that Perón is slipping away. And on July 1, 1974, the finale plays out bringing the conductor’s life to an end. However, stepping in to fill the void is wife Isabel who becomes the next president. Her time in office is short-lived and a coup forces her into exile as well marking the end of the Perón presidency. And like a house of cards, those close to him fall out of favor and make their exit from the stage. Perón was gone but Argentina was nowhere close to a strong democracy and would go through political and social unrest more than once which threatened to turn the country on its head. Today Argentina is once again at a crossroads but hopefully this is the right turn to move forward and put the errors of the past to rest. If you want to know about Juan Perón, the charismatic yet unorthodox former leader of Argentina, this is must-read.

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B0BWRJ1Z69
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Open Road Media (April 4, 2023)

John Quincy Adams – Harlow Giles Unger

On January 6, 2025 By Genyc79In BiographiesLeave a comment

quincy

Every time I visit New England, I am amazed at the amount of history one can discover. My trips to Vermont, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Maine, and Massachusetts have all left a mark as I learned more about the country in which I was born. However, there is still American history I have to learn, and when I saw this biography of former President John Quincy Adams (1767-1848), my curiosity piqued and I knew I had to read it. And what I found is a story every American should know, and we have author Harlow Giles Unger to thank for this remarkable biography of a president who is underrated.

Before starting the book, I was aware of Quincy’s time in office but my knowledge of his personal life and contributions to America’s development was in insufficient. I felt as if I was reading about him for the first time, which deepened my interest and enhanced my shock as I learned of his incredible life. The story begins in Braintree, Massachusetts in July 1767, when Quincy as he is known, is born to John Adams (1735-1826) and wife Abigail (1744-1818). His father served as the nation’s second president and was instrumental in his son’s personal life and political career. I noticed early in the story that Quincy had a strong bond with his parents which proved to be the foundation he needed throughout his journey. But the family was fiercely committed to education and self-improvement, themes which remained with Quincy for life.

Unger’s writing style kept me glued to the pages from beginning to end, and the narrative has an exceptionally smooth flow which maintains a steady pace as Quincy’s life moves forward. Within the first ten years of life, resistance against Britain intensified and culminated with the American Revolution for independence. The conflict, discussed in the book and witnessed by Quincy, had a profound impact on him. Although he was too young to fight the British, he witnessed the importance of independence and sacrifices by patriots resisting British rule. As he ages, the story shifts gears when he attempts to gain admission to Harvard. The saga surrounding his admission is interesting and resembles modern-day anxiety and struggles by students seeking entry into ivy-league institutions. In hindsight, we know he eventually did gain admission, and went on to complete law school. However, the legal field was not all it was thought to be but everything in the book changes when he is selected for government service by President George Washington (1732-1799).

Washington’s offer to Quincy to become America’s Minister to Holland, comes as a surprise but with the urging of his father, he accepts and embarks on a European journey that changes his life permanently. And while America had gained its independence, Europe was still embroiled in revolution and chaos. The unrest across the continent takes center stage, in particular France during the reign of King Louis XVI (1754-1793), who was overthrown and beheaded in 1793. Several years later, another ruler ascends to the throne and forces the world to recognize the name of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821). He also appears later in the story as the United States expands to the south and west across North America. But there is another component to France’s story in the form of its raging war against England. I could not stop reading as the crisis plays out and challenges America’s foreign policy. What transpires is an eerie premonition of future events in which France requested United States involvement. There is also the issue of the British who have not forgotten the loss if England’s thirteen colonies. Their acts of aggression and the American response show how close we came to war with Britain for a second time.

During the period of 1974 to 1817, Adams traveled around Europe through government positions, and the details of each are too extensive to discuss here. The details are in the book and the stories are fascinating. He developed a lifetime of experience at a very young age but also found time for love which resulted in his marriage to Louisa Catherine Johnson (1775-1852) on July 26, 1797. Their story is wholesome but the personal tragedies within the Adams family are heartbreaking. It seems for every success there was an equal tragedy which Quincy and Louisa are forced to confront. There are also issues within her family as well, emanating from her father Joshua who causes grief and chaos through his own financial failures. But destiny was waiting for Quincy and his return home in 1817 proved to be the change he needed.

In 1817, President James Monroe (1758-1831) chose Quincy to be his Secretary of State. This decision had monumental ramifications for Adams personally and the political landscape of America. His effectiveness did not go unnoticed, and history buffs will instantly think of the Monroe Doctrine, which is discussed by the author. Quincy’s star continues to rise and rumors about a presidential campaign soon begin. Curiously, Louisa is not at all thrilled by Washington, and the description of the city by Unger leaves much to be desired. The physical state of Washington seems unthinkable today, but in the 1800s, it was the reality. In 1825, fate intervened, placing Adams in the White House for a single term. And instantly, opponents and opportunists move behind the scenes to secure their own political ambitions. It becomes clear that politics was never for the faint of the heart. The actions of Henry Clay (1777-1852) and John C. Calhoun (1782-1850) are questionable to say the least.

dams’ tenure in the White House is uneventful but opposing forces soon begin to form, throwing their weight behind Andrew Jackson (1767-1845). And it is here that we see the groundwork for the two political parties which dominate American politics today. Jackson is a controversial figure, and Adams was no fan. In fact, his comments about Jackson are similar to others who could not envision the “rascal” or “illiterate” in the White House. But that is exactly what happened. Quincy took his loss in stride but was far from finished with politics. And as a member of the House of Representatives he made his voice loud and clear as he argued for causes which lacked popular support. I found this part of his story incredibly interesting and as it continues, Adams becomes more outspoken about his convictions which provoke censorship. His anti-slavery stance drew the wrath of pro-slavery congressmen and highlights the hotly contested matter of human bondage.

The outspoken congressman was forcing America to examine its moral fabric, and this won him more support than opposition. And as a gift from above, he finds himself involved in a legal case involving the Portuguese vessel Amistad, manned by slave hunters who had kidnapped Africans from Sierra Leone for transport to Cuba. Mutiny occurred and when it was over, the captain and crew lay dead. The slaves were arrested and sent ashore to the United States where they were tried in court. Adams takes up their defense and his legal training kicks into a high gear as he puts on a master class in what is known as oral argument in the legal field. Today it may absurd that a legal argument over kidnapped human beings was needed, but in 1839, slavery was both legal and encourage in parts of the world. The case and its conclusion cemented his legacy as a champion of human rights.

Behind the scenes, Quincy and Louisa go through their trials and tribulations with brief periods of distance. But she knew she could not keep him down. By January 1848, his health had significantly declined, but staying home was not an option. On February 23, he made his way to the Capitol as usual, but this day would not end like the others. In fact, what happened during the afternoon session left me speechless. But after reading the book, I could not see Adams departing any other way. He lived and died for the success and progression of the United States of America. Today he would be called “liberal” and “progressive” but in his time he was an advocate for the things we still debate today. The amount of research required for this book could only have been staggering. The author’s beautifully compiled narrative is seductive from start to finish, and at no point in the book did I lose interest. I could not put it down and found myself eager to read more regardless of the time or location. If you are in search of a delightful book about an outstanding leader in America’s past, this is strongly recommended.

“It is of no use to discover our own faults and infirmities unless the discovery prompts up to amendment.”- John Quincy Adams

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B008EMEH5A
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Da Capo Press (September 4, 2012)

The Assassination of Maurice Bishop – Godfrey P. Smith

On January 1, 2025 By Genyc79In Biographies, Investigative Report1 Comment

Maurice

The 1980s was a decade unlike any other, both positive and negative. Hollywood had reached its pinnacle with movies that became eternal classics, the Soviet Union began its decline, NASA experienced a tragedy that haunts us today, and change was rapidly occurring around the world. The Caribbean island of Grenada had a population of less than 100,000 people in the month of October 1983. It is seen as a small island. But on October 19, 1983, that island made news around the world when the leader of the ruling New Jewel Movement (“NJM”), Maurice Rupert Bishop (1944-1984) was assassinated along with several others in a violent coup which plunged the country in chaos and resulted in the deployment of United States Marines by United States President Ronald Reagan (1911-2004). The involvement of American troops has overshadowed the events leading up to the events on October 19. But in order to understand Bishop’s downfall and its aftermath, a discussion regarding the events leading up to the tragedy is necessary. Godfrey Smith, a Belizean journalist, revisits the death of Bishop and the political climate in Grenada, in this book which is both informative and chilling.

Godfrey’s book is less than two hundred pages, but its contents tell a story that gave me a new perspective on the events in Grenada during that time. From the beginning, there is a dark omen over the story due to a meeting of the Central Committee which would have extensive ramifications. However, the subject of the meeting does not appear at first to be something that should have resulted in the death of Bishop and others. But a sad reality is that power is seductive and it corrupts. In the meeting of the Central Committee it is suggested that Bishop shares the duties of leader with Bernard Coard, second in command. The meeting expands into criticism of Bishop’s ruling style, but the matter is put on hold as Bishop wants to think about the party’s future and obtain Coard’s input. Coard was not present, and the talking is done by others. But this meeting would set into motion a chain of events that brought Grenada to the brink of anarchy.

Before we reach the fallout in October 1983, Godfrey provides a short biography of Bishop’s life and his rise in politics. It is a fascinating story, and easy to see why Bishop became the people’s favorite. However, he had his demons like other leaders. We learn of Bishop’s nonchalant manner in handling party issues, and his philandering which became an issue as his personal life became more complicated. His weaknesses provided the pretext needed for subordinates to usurp his authority. But they were not serious enough for death. The question that arises in what happened that caused the Central Committee to remove Bishop by force? The answer partly lies in a trip abroad that should have been routine.

The NJM had established itself as a left-wing government. Further, it had formed closed relations with Caribbean neighbor Cuba through its President Fidel Castro (1926-2016). This should come as no surprise because the NJM was based on Marxist-Leninist ideals and naturally aligned itself with nations founded on similar principles. But Washington was watching closely, and Bishop’s growing ties to Castro did not go unnoticed at home. In fact, as we see in the story, it backfired with deadly consequences. It also raised the issue of how much influence Cuba should have in Grenada’s affairs. Internally, Bishop’s avoidance of the bi-lateral power sharing agreement, planted the seeds of doubt in the minds of people who believed he needed to be removed. The fear of a tyrant was fresh in their minds due to the removal of a former president whose name is rarely mentioned in world history.

As a backstory to the fallout between Bishop and party leaders, we learn of the toppling of Prime Minister Eric Gairy (1922-1997) who was viewed as a dictator. For readers unaware of Gairy’s reign, this is a good primer. Of course, the full story is far more detailed, but for the purposes of this book, the amount of information is sufficient to set the stage for Bishop’s future battle within his own party. His trip abroad which included a visit to Cuba, set the stage for the conspirators to enact their plan. And when the party does meet with Bishop who is reluctant to change the power structure, we see the writing on the wall. A secret meeting without his knowledge proves to be a warning that something was not right. The moment we are waiting for eventually comes when Bishop and others are detained. But the conspirators did not anticipate that the people of Grenada loved Bishop and would not tolerate his incarceration on trumped up charges.

When the people learn that Bishop has been arrested, all hell breaks loose in Grenada. He is eventually freed and retreats to Fort Rupert along with the other officials unjustly detained. At first it seems as if Bishop will prevail, but this location would prove to be a scene of horrific events that are haunting. I must warn readers that the decision to seize the fort and capture its occupants is graphic. Frankly, it was nothing short of murder. As I read, I felt a sense of loss at Bishop’s death and how callous his executioners were in ending the lives of Grenadian officials. It is by far, the darkest moment in the book and I can only imagine the grief felt by Grenadians on that day. In Cuba, Castro was following the events, and his prophetic warning about U.S. involvement was about to come true.

The deployment of U.S. Marines has been labeled an “invasion”. It is true that battles did occur between the U.S. military and Grenadian army, but order was restored, and the October 17 group consisting of those who led the coup against Bishop received their comeuppance for what happened. The author explains the result of the arrival of U.S. troops and trials of conspirators. Today, those who survived their prison sentences are still alive, but they carry with them the memories of October 19, and the insanity which occurred. Bishop’s demise was tragic, and its impact was significant. It is further complicated by the controversy surrounding his grave which has no marker. Readers who find this book enjoyable, should take a look at a Washington Post podcast called ‘The Empty Grave of Comrade Bishop‘ by host Martine Powers. It is a fascination series of episodes which take a deep dive into the life of Maurich Bishop and the island of Grenada.

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B08JF29K7G
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Ian Randle Publishers (September 16, 2020)

Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project – General Leslie R. Groves

On January 1, 2025 By Genyc79In World War IILeave a comment

groves On May 8, 1945, Allied forces celebrated Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day) marking the surrender of the German armed forces in World War II. In the Pacific, the war against Japan continued to rage forcing Allied commanders to face the grim reality of a ground invasion which became the basis of the proposed Operation Downfall. The invasion would have resulted in a large number of casualties on both sides but ending the war was priority number one. Unbeknownst to troops in the field, Washington had been working diligently on a new weapon that had the potential to end the war. On August 9, 1945, the United States Air Force executed a mission which dropped the atomic bomb named “Little Boy” on Hiroshima, Japan. Three days later on August 9, “Fat Man” was dropped on Nagasaki. The impact was devastating and on August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered, bringing World War II to an end. For those who worked on the Manhattan Project, the success of the bombs was both a blessing and a curse. But no one could deny the hard work and dedication which turned the project from a vision into a reality. And here to explain how it came into existence and succeeded is Gen. Leslie R. Groves (1896-1970), the man in charge.

If you have seen the film ‘Oppenheimer‘ starring Cillian Murphy as the famed scientist, you will recall Groves who is played by Matt Damon. The film was a hit and the type of production we have to expect from director/filmmaker Christopher Nolan and brilliantly captured the suspense and uncertainty surrounding the creation and testing of the bomb. And although the film does not portray the events which conclude World War II, it brought the past to life as the American military and scientists found themselves in a race against time. Groves wrote this book in 1962 ,and the Kindle version was republished in 2009. The story of the project is far more complete today, but Groves’ account is still a fascinating look into the magnitude of the project and secrecy required to ensure its success. But it was not without its challenges.

Groves starts at the beginning when the project receives the green light and is placed under his control. He had been given an assignment but needed to assemble the manpower to get it done. Step by step, he covers the coordination and the factors which went into each decision. There are interesting revelations, and the initial challenge with the enrichment of Uranium at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, highlights the complexity of atomic energy which confronted the scientists. Further, the various hardware components presented their own logistical challenges, but Groves was committed to his assignment, and he thoroughly explains how problems arose and were then resolved. However, the biggest challenges they faced were espionage and maintaining absolute secrecy.

In hindsight, we know that there were spies in Los Alamos. Groves discusses this and in particular, the betrayal by German theoretical physicist Klaus Fuchs (1911-1988) who supplied nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union. There were other threats as well, and Groves explains the need for stringent security and secrecy, even from members of Congress. In fact, on more than one occasion in the book, an issue with a curious politician becomes a threat to the project’s operation. The project was not exposed publicly but the incident heightened the anxiety of those involved. In regard to the people selected to work at Los Alamos, the groups of people who lived there during the project’s duration endured upheaval in their personal lives which has gone unnoticed. Groves pays close focus to the role of women at Los Alamos and how essential it was to assist those who were not in the military and expected to endure unusual living conditions. But while America was protecting secrets at home, it also needed to know if Germany was building a bomb of its own.

World War II historians will be familiar with the name of U.S. Army Counter Intelligence Officer Borish Pash (1900-1995). To say that he was responsible for one of the most important missions of the war would be an understatement. His role and that of the Alsos Mission were critical to America’s success and the Groves provides the goods. The story is incredible and highlights the lengths to which Allied forces went to bring down the Axis powers. Pash’s name is forgotten today but his role in World War II should never be overlooked. Groves pays homage to him and cements his legacy as he explains the importance of the Alsos mission and how it changed the outcome of the war. The intelligence operations in Germany also revealed the scope of the Third Reich’s attempt to harness nuclear power and its intended use. The German scientists captured by the Allied forces reveal interesting facts about Germany’s project in the story, but none proved to be smoking guns.

While the development of the bomb moves forward, Groves also has to contend with the sharing of intelligence with America’s allies Britain and France. The matter was complicated, and the author explains the difficulties they faced in safeguarding the secrecy of the project while maintaining strong ties with the countries supporting the Allied mission to win the war. As readers will learn, even allies can be a thorn in one’s side. And at home, tough decisions were made in regard to the amount of classified intelligence to be shared with foreign governments. But everything changes when the scientists inform military brass that they are ready for a test of the bomb’s efficacy.

The military needed to evaluate the bomb, but where? Groves explains the debate surrounding a testing site and the decision to conduct it at the Alamogordo Bombing Range known as Jornada del Muerto. The suspense builds as the date approaches. Nolan’s film brilliantly captures the events surrounding the test and as I read, images from the movie crept into my mind. After building up to the moment of truth, the results come in and Groves’ first-hand account reveals the joy and horror found among the scientists. But the military had no time to waste, and the matter was brought before President Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) whose order to proceed changed history. The decision to drop the atomic bombs remains controversial and Groves is aware of that. His account is not a discussion on the moral aspect of its use, but rather the rush to end the war in the Pacific. And in order to use the bomb, the United States Air Force enters the story.

Both bombs were ready for use but arming and loading them on to an aircraft proved to be a logistical challenge as explained by the author. We know that the air force was able to load the planes and use the weapons but the movements behind the scenes were equally turbulent. This section in the book was intriguing, and Groves thoroughly explains the selection of targets, the difficulty with selecting the right aircraft and even the flight formation. Familiar names enter the story such as Gen. Paul Tibbets (1915-2007) and Gen. Curtis E. Lemay (1906-1990). All hands were on deck as Fat Man and Little Boy were put to use. The bombs were successful in forcing Japan to surrender, but the war had cost millions of lives around the world. The war was over but what happened to the Manhattan Project? Groves walks us through the war’s end and the shift of atomic energy from a military project to a government issue to be overseen by the newly created Atomic Energy Commission.

The book concludes as the war fades away, and there is no mention of the battle Oppenheimer faced with his opposition to further use of atomic weapons. Nolan’s film captures the saga which engulfed the famed scientist and there are articles online about it. But I would like to point out that while Oppenheimer was instrumental in the success at Los Alamos, we cannot forget the importance Dr. Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) who is a footnote to history. He was far more important than is acknowledged, and Groves gives him his due here. It is often said that World War II changed the planet, and the effects of the war can still be seen today. In the spring of 1945, Allied commanders found themselves faced with the reality that ending the war would not be as simple as people thought. There would be more bloodshed and heartache to bring the Japanese empire to its knees. The developments at Los Alamos proved to be a necessary tool but its creation, usage and existence has continued to haunt us with critical questions which will be asked for an eternity. But if you want to learn about the Manhattan Project from the man who was in charge, this is it.

“In answer to the question, “Was the development of the atomic bomb by the United States necessary?” I reply unequivocally, “Yes.” To the question, “Is atomic energy a force for good or for evil?” I can only say, “As mankind wills it.” – Leslie R. Groves

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B009SC1LZY
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Da Capo Press (August 11, 2009)

The Autobiography of Malcolm X as Told to Alex Haley – Malcolm X and Alex Haley

On December 25, 2024 By Genyc79In AutobiographyLeave a comment

malcolm

During my sophomore year of high school, my English teacher Ms. Cregan, had asked each of us to pick a book for the Christmas and New Year holiday recess, and later author a report on it. I chose the ‘Autobiography of Malcolm X As Told to Alex Haley‘. After finishing the book, I drafted the required report and earned an A+ for it. However, the passage of thirty years left me with faded memories of its contents. Malcolm’s story has been told by others and there are documentaries which discuss the Nation of Islam. However, I wanted to read Malcolm’s words again as told to Alex Haley. My most recent blog post was a review of Robert J. Norrell’s biography of Haley which examined the late author’s life and the books he authored, which had a significant impact on American culture. Sadly, Malcolm never saw the publication of this book which ends in January 1965, a month before his murder at the Audobon Ballroom on February 21, 1965. But that does not diminish the book’s power, importance, and relevance.

In 1992, Warner Bros. released ‘Malcolm X‘ starring Hollywood legend Denzel Washington in the lead role. The film was a hit, and Washington nailed the portrayal of the late civil rights icon. However, the film does have its flaws, notably in the absence of Malcolm’s siblings as the story is told. His widow Dr. Betty Shabazz (1934-1997) was a consultant on the film, but the lack of input from Malcolm’s half-sister Ella Little-Collins (1914-1996) is regrettable. In spite of this, the film is a masterpiece and Spike Lee remains a critical voice in bringing the experiences of Black Americans to the silver screen. If you have seen the film, you will see the portrayal of Malcolm story which line up with what is told here. Hollywood did take some liberties in production, but the movie is fairly accurate.

Malcolm kicks off the story by revisiting his childhood in Lansing, Michigan during the 1920s. What he explains is what one would expect of life for Black Americans in a time where Jim Crow was a real and deadly threat. But for the young Malcolm, there are also issues inside the house where his father Earl (1890-1931) and mother Louise (1894 or 1897 – 1989) do their best to provide for eight children (Earl had previously fathered children before Louise and that union had produced Malcolm’s sister Ella). The family had moved from Omaha, Nebraska but could not escape the poverty Black Americans found themselves in. Malcolm’s descriptions of hunger and tensions between his parents are sobering, and Earl’s untimely demise is a significant blow to Louise who is left to raise eight children as a single-mother. It is not long before the State of Michigan becomes involved leading to separation at home and Louise dealing with life-long psychiatric issues. And though Malcolm found refuge in the home of a couple determined to provide a loving environment, his biological family had been fractured, and it was something he never forgot.

As he grows into a young man, his ethnicity becomes more of an issue, and he discusses race and the views held by those close to him including the family that had taken him in. And an incident with a teacher who gave him advice as to what he should aspire to be as a Black American, was a turning point in his life. Teachers reading this book will be mortified at the instructor’s comments. However, everything changes when Malcolm moves to Boston to live with Ella. As you can imagine, a country boy arriving in the big city has a lot to learn. And Malcolm takes us on that journey as he learns the street life. Added to this are his “zoo suits” and “conked” hair which were common on the street in those times. Speaking frankly about his past self, Malcolm dissects the foolishness of his earlier ways. His stint as a porter on the railroad is also revisited and how his employment opened his eyes to another world: New York City. He could not have known then that New York would be his final resting place.

The story changes gear and the streets become Malcolm’s home. He lived the hustler’s life and readers will take note of his full immersion in a life of destruction. It was a miracle that he was not killed on the streets of Boston or New York. He was flying high and introduced us to the characters we see in the film. There is the sad descent of Laura into a life off debauchery, the romance with Sophia and the fallout with West Indian Archie. As I read the story, I could see his downfall coming, and after a botched robbery, he and his friend “Shorty” find themselves arrested, convicted, and sent to prison. Of course, there is more to the robbery story, and race does play a factor in the ir fates. Reading it today feels surreal, but this was America at that time and the idea of interracial relationships or marriage was illegal in many states. However, for Malcolm, prison would be his savior.

Malcolm’s prison experience, as he tells it, is different from what we see in the film. In fact, the character “Brother Baines” is fictional. The true story of his conversion to Islam is more intricate, and involved several of his siblings who had previously joined the Nation of Islam (“NOI”). His brothers Reginald Little (1927-2001) and Philbert Little (1923-1994) each played a role with the latter having a larger impact to his close relationship with Malcolm. However, their actions after his death left me speechless. The details are in the epilogue by Haley. I was fascinated by Malcolm’s transformation which was nothing short of incredible. His methods to improve himself and ability to digest information are signs of the future iconic figure we know today. But that was still to come and before we reach the streets of Harlem, he goes through his conversion to Islam which involves pledging allegiance to the NOI and its leader Elijah Muhammad (1897-1975). The remainder of the book focuses on the NOI and Malcolm’s fallout and later defection which had deadly consequences.

A full discussion of the NOI and Malcolm’s relationship would be enough to fill several volumes of books. Malcolm condenses the story and touches on the most critical issues. He explains his rise and how Islam began to reach Black Americans. But he could not ignore trouble rumors which turned into factual revelations that Muhammad had fathered children out of wedlock. The crack in the relationship between Malcolm and the NOI had been formed. Curiously, Malcolm does not mention that Muhammad had been having an affair with a woman who he once had been involved with. That information is contained in ‘Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention‘ by the late Manning Marable (1950-2011). Marable died before his book was published but had spent ten years researching and drafting his book which is strongly recommended for readers interested in Malcolm’s life. He discusses the topics which did not make the cut in this book. Malcolm had started to become disillusioned with the NOI but remained loyal. However, that all changed in the wake of the murder of President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963). Malcolm had been asked to comment on the assassination. Elijah Muhammad had given specific orders for no statements to be made by the NOI. While answering the question, Malcolm made the “chicken coming home to roost” statement which went viral in the press and led to a ninety-day suspension. But as we learn from him, the stage was being set for his removal from the NOI.

The gap between Malcolm and the NOI continues to widen as the story progresses. And while he explains the things he learned and noticed about the increasing animosity towards him, we also see that he becomes more fatalistic regarding his own mortality. His eyes had been opened but there is one more crucial event that opens the door for his reinvention: the pilgrimage to Mecca. It should be noted that his trip would not have been possible with his sister Ella who played a monumental role in Malcolm’s life. Her role in helping Malcolm throughout his life cannot be overstated. Moving forward, the trip to Mecca was not without its mishaps but the experience was life changing for him. He revisits the pilgrimage, and it is evident by his words that it changed his life. He was away from America but when he returned, the troubles with the NOI were far from gone. And upon arrival back in New York, the tensions escalated. Malcolm knew he was a marked man, but he makes a couple of statements that caught my attention. The first implies that the order to kill him was no secret and the second implies that forces outside the NOI may have been involved. Regardless, the clock was ticking, and he knew death was waiting. The final weeks of his life were chaotic and the attempts on his life resembled a Hollywood production. But this was no film and killers were after him. And on February 21, 1965, the end came in a hail of bullets.

Haley tells the aftermath of the shooting, but it is a not a full discussion of everything that happened. I do not believe Haley intended it to be either. It is more of a recap before the book concludes. Haley’s epilogue is an added bonus which does discuss events post-assassination. Again, it is not a full discussion of the trials of the three men convicted in Malcolm’s death (two have been exonerated) but a discussion of how the death impacted the NOI and Malcolm’s supporters, including the late actor Ossie Davis (1917-2005), whose eulogy of Malcolm still gives me chills. After I finished the book, I saw quietly for several minutes and thought about Malcolm’s life and its tragic end. I asked myself if any of us fully understood him. Today in 2024, wisdom can be found in his words. We will not agree with everything he said, and Malcolm himself stated that what he learned in the NOI was not the true Islam. Following his pilgrimage to Mecca, he had come to see what Islam should mean and wanted the gift of love and peace to confront the racism plaguing America. However, the forces against him were determined to prevail and America was not ready for the change he envisioned. There will never be another Malcolm X, and these words by him are a summation of all the things he experienced and did in his short life:

“Yes, I have cherished my “demagogue” role. I know that societies often have killed the people who have helped to change those societies. And if I can die having brought any light, having exposed any meaningful truth that will help to destroy the racist cancer that is malignant in the body of America—then, all of the credit is due to Allah. Only the mistakes have been mine.” – Malcolm X

This book is a gift that keeps on giving. Highly recommended.

ASIN :‎ B013ZNNX5C
Publisher :‎ Ballantine Books; Reprint edition (August 25, 2015)

Alex Haley and the Books That Changed a Nation – Robert J. Norrell

On December 19, 2024 By Genyc79In BiographiesLeave a comment

Alex As January 1977 approached, ABC studios prepared for what would become an earth-shattering moment in American television history. Network executives had given the green light to a miniseries called ‘Roots‘ about the experience of Black Americans brought to the New World as slaves. The show was a monstrous success, and the final episode caught the attention of one-hundred million Americans. The series had been adapted for the silver screen based on the writings of the late Alexander Murray Palmer “Alex” Haley (1921-1992). Known to the world simply as “Alex” the author had turned America’s attention to the experience of its Black citizens who ordeal was far from over. But Roots was not his only success, and he had found fame in other ways as well. Further, there was more to the writer than the books bearing his name. Haley’s life on its own is the subject of this book which peels back the layers on the life of a gifted writer whose untimely demise left a void in the circle of Black authors which has never been filled.

When I saw this book in my list of recommendations, it caught my attention because I knew of Haley and his work. In high school, an English teacher named Ms. Drew who assigned several books for summer reading. One of those books was ‘The Autobiography of Malcolm X: As Told to Aley Haley‘ which I wrote a report about after finishing Malcolm’s story. The book has stayed with me, and I am currently reading it again. Of course, there were things Malcolm left out but the book has stood the test of time as required reading for those in search of an understanding of the life of Malcolm X (1925-1965). The story here begins in Henning, Tennessee under the weight of Jim Crow, a system young Palmer, as he is called by family, learns to navigate. However, his family would have been labeled middle class even as African Americans at that time. Further, the strong influence of his grandparents is readily apparent as the story progresses. However, tragedy strikes in several ways in which no one could have predicted. But in the end life must go on and it did for the young Alex Haley.

As he grows up, the story shifts gear when Uncle Sam enters the picture. I did not know that Haley had enlisted in the United States Coast Guard. This fateful decision is part of the reason the world received the writer who changed literature. I found myself glued to the pages as I read about his movement through the Navy which was not immune to racial discrimination and segregation. However, Haley had a gift with the pen, and he was literate. Readers may be surprised at the illiteracy found among fellow sailors but at that time, it was an escape for both poor whites and poor blacks, some of whom lacked formal education. Between letters and weekly articles, Haley’s star continued to rise, and he caught the attention of senior officers who realized his talents were wasted below decks. The story is incredible and highlights how far talent can take us. Surely, there were helping hands along the way as Haley completed a twenty-year career, retiring in 1959. Upon discharge, he was free to write as a freelancer but soon learned life outside the military was far less structured.

Haley’s writings are the crux of the story, but his personal life remains under scrutiny. And we learn of the three marriages in his life and the failed relationships he left behind. As each relationship develops, we can see as a reader the upcoming pitfall that Haley could not escape. However, it is fair to say that there is no perfect relationship nor a perfect human being, and his personal transgressions do not take away from his monumental contributions to American culture. But admittedly, his lack of parenting and ability to provide companionship to those who needed it stand in stark contrast to his unwavering commitment to the subjects of his books. And after moving from place to place and scraping by, he receives the opportunity of a lifetime even if he did not yet know it.

When Haley meets Malcolm X, the intensity level in the book increases significantly and rightfully so. Malcolm was an intensely charismatic and intelligent figure, but their connection did not develop quickly. It was interesting to see how long it took for their bond to develop and their early struggles as Malcolm told his story. Sadly, we know Malcolm did not leave to see the book’s publication. In fact, as explained in the story, Haley had spoken to Malcolm the day before his assassination at the Audobon Ballroom on February 21, 1965. This section gave me chills instantly. Curiously, the biography was not an instant hit, and publishers were not keen on it. In hindsight, we can see today that they had a masterpiece that needed time to reach its audience. But after Malcolm’s death, Haley needed work and money, and soon embarked on the project that changed his life and the core of American society.

Prior to reading the book, I did not know the story behind Roots. Well, the author tackles that subject, and we follow Haley to Africa as he searches for his family’s roots. And it is here that the story of Roots was born. The mission to get the book published was nothing short of brutal and the chaos is on full display as Norrell continues the story. The project was eventually completed and the decision to make a television series changes the game completely. Television is fascinating and the development of Roots, a story of its own, is also revisited, and the effort behind the show was monumental. The author pays close focus on the show’s impact which was staggering and how it reached Americans of every creed. The show was a success, and Haley was riding high until the lawsuits and accusations of fraud arrive.

At this point in the book, Haley has built up his image and wallet, but both come close to being undone from the fallout from litigation. The lawsuits and accusations leveled against him were serious, but the author presents a case against those which were frivolous. In the end, it is up to the reader to decide how he or she chooses to view his work. Haley had written a well-intentioned and emotional book about the dehumanizing system of slavery, and no one could deny its popularity and importance. The charges against him and the settlement of one claim damaged his image but failed to put him out of commission. And despite accusations that the entire story was made up, Roots remained a hit. And Haley remained in high esteem and sought after for lectures.

Following the success of Roots, Haley enjoyed fame but never again reached the heights of the television series. However, had he not died unexpectedly on February 10, 1992, he may have given us another masterpiece to change the way we view ourselves, each other, and the country we call home. If you need an enjoyable book about an author who shook up America, this will be a good addition to your library.

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B00WDW06HA
Publisher ‏ : ‎ St. Martin’s Press (November 10, 2015)

American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House – Jon Meachem

On December 12, 2024 By Genyc79In BiographiesLeave a comment

Andrew The office of the American presidency is sought by many but obtained by few. And those who do serve can tell you there is no user’s manual and regardless of what you do, there will be pushback to your policies. However, presidents must make tough decisions and find ways to live with their choices. America’s seventh President Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), stood firmly behind his decisions which changed the course of history across North America. But there is more to his story than the policies that defined a nation. In fact, his life was anything but ordinary. His image can be found on the twenty-dollar bill, currency used daily as millions of people go about their lives. But just who was he and why is he so important to the story of America? Well, the answers to those questions plus other interesting facts are contained within this biography that should be required reading in classrooms across America.

The title of the book is appropriate, Jackson was a lion of a person. Today we cannot imagine a president who engaged in duels to the death or grapples with assassins. But Andrew Jackson was that leader whose fearlessness stands out in history. But before we reach his presidency, the author takes us back in time to his childhood and the American Revolution, a conflict which Jackson and his brother Robert would be directly involved in. And an encounter with a British troop would leave Jackson with a memory that lasted his entire life as America flourished. The Jackson family found itself in unusual times, but it is not long before tragedy strikes at home. The events that transpire are heartbreaking, and his mother’s demise reminded me to cherish my parents for as many years as they are here. Following service in the military, Jackson eventually finds his way to Nashville, Tennessee and it is here that his legal and political careers are born. However, no one could have predicted then that Jackson would become president.

I found the story deeply interesting, and students of politics will love how the author has composed the accounts of the election campaigns. It is a course in political history and highlights the importance faced by every figure to preserve the growing union. In 1829, Jackson was elected to the presidency, but comments in the book from those who knew his character are intriguing. He was not the person who most thought should be commander-in-chief. However, he had won public support, and the electoral college cemented his win. During his time in office, he would oversee controversial policies that altered the American landscape. It is imperative to remember that at this time, there was no Republican Party, and the Whigs do not appear until later in the story. In fact, the Democratic Party had not yet been completed and the electoral votes pale in comparison to the numbers today. But in 1828, this was the America that Jackson was chosen to lead. And as the story moves forward, the author takes us on a wild ride.

There are two events in the book which left me astonished. The first is that Jackson carried in his chest a bullet from a duel in 1806. That insane story is told here and after reading Meachem’s account of what happened, I could only stare in disbelief. Jackson not only talked the talk, but he also walked the walk. The second incident involves the Benton family, and once again gunplay is involved. It is another crazy story from 1813 which caused me to wonder why anyone in their right mind would challenge Jackson to anything. The man was absolutely fearless and not afraid of direct confrontation. Those traits were needed as he navigated Congress and Southern States suspicious of Washington. I should point out that the violent incidents were the result of serious issues, and the story of his late wife Rachel (1767-1828) has to be understood as a primer for the deadly encounters. Her death shattered Jackson and I learned for the first time that he did not have any biological children. But all hope was not lost, and the arrival of Andrew (1799-1871) and Emily Donelson (1807-1836) into his life was profound. The couple played a crucial role in Jackson’s presidency as shown in the story, at times to great personal sacrifice. And their feud with John (1790-1856) and Margaret Eaton (1799-1879), also part of Jackson’s administration, takes center stage in unpleasant ways.

Historically, Jackson’s presidency does have its controversy and rightfully so. There are several elephants in the room, and the author does not shy away from them. The first issue is slavery. This should come as no surprise as it was a normal practice in America during that time period. Jackson was deeply anti-abolitionist and a slave owner himself, so it was no surprise to see him urging the protection of human bondage. Admittedly, it was hard to reconcile this image of him with the president who viewed the union as above any man and believed freedom to be paramount. Andrew and Emily were also pro-slavery and the reliance upon enslaved persons remains a dark stain in America’s past. And while I understood Johnson’s views on keeping the union intact, slavery was an issue which would not go away quietly as America learned in 1861.

In keeping the union intact, Jackson had to confront an extremely serious crisis brewing in South Carolina in the shape of the nullification crisis over tariffs on foreign goods. The matter was deadly serious and talks about secession were common. The saga is fascinating, and we are given a ringside seat into Washington as Jackson is faced with no choice but to assert the Government’s authority over the states. South Carolina was defiant but Jackson would have none of it. Thus, we learn about the Force Bill which became a showdown between the states and the Federal Government. And this is a story I did not learn in school.

Both issues above were grave, but we cannot ignore the plight of the Native Americans. And this is a very dark part of Jackson’s term in office and North America. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 and Trail of Tears are discussed by the author briefly, but to fully examine each would require a completely different book. However, the author makes it clear that the forced removal of Native Americans from the South was inhumane. But in Jackson’s mind, it was the destiny of America, and he did not shed any tears for Indians forcibly removed from their homes. And this adds further complexity to the legacy of Andrew Jackson.

Following his departure from office in 1837, he faded away from public light but continued to assert his influence behind the scenes. We follow him as he supports his candidate for president Martin Van Buren (1782-1862) who succeeds Jackson as America’s eighth president. Physically, his decline is evident, but I also took notice of his constant health issues throughout the book. In fact, a crucial part of the story is Johnson’s struggles with his mortality and the struggles of those around him, in particular Emily Donelson, who served as the “First Lady” due to Rachel’s untimely passing in 1828. In the end, there is no dramatic scene, but a simple end to the life of a political juggernaut who reshaped America. He was complex, a man of good traits and questionable character, but someone who believed that the Republic was beyond any one person, and that no one should ever forget that. Highly recommended.

“Jackson’s vision was elementary yet expansive in the context of the early Republic. He wanted a political culture in which a majority of the voters chose a president, and a president chose his administration, and his administration governed by its lights in full view of the people, and the people decided four years hence whether to reward the president with another term or retire him—and them—from public life.”

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B001FA0JSM
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Random House; 1st edition (November 4, 2008)

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Author: Genyc79