The Assassination of Maurice Bishop – Godfrey P. Smith

On By Genyc79In Biographies, Investigative Report1 Comment

Maurice

The 1980s was a decade unlike any other, both positive and negative. Hollywood had reached its pinnacle with movies that became eternal classics, the Soviet Union began its decline, NASA experienced a tragedy that haunts us today, and change was rapidly occurring around the world. The Caribbean island of Grenada had a population of less than 100,000 people in the month of October 1983. It is seen as a small island. But on October 19, 1983, that island made news around the world when the leader of the ruling New Jewel Movement (“NJM”), Maurice Rupert Bishop (1944-1984) was assassinated along with several others in a violent coup which plunged the country in chaos and resulted in the deployment of United States Marines by United States President Ronald Reagan (1911-2004). The involvement of American troops has overshadowed the events leading up to the events on October 19. But in order to understand Bishop’s downfall and its aftermath, a discussion regarding the events leading up to the tragedy is necessary. Godfrey Smith, a Belizean journalist, revisits the death of Bishop and the political climate in Grenada, in this book which is both informative and chilling.

Godfrey’s book is less than two hundred pages, but its contents tell a story that gave me a new perspective on the events in Grenada during that time. From the beginning, there is a dark omen over the story due to a meeting of the Central Committee which would have extensive ramifications. However, the subject of the meeting does not appear at first to be something that should have resulted in the death of Bishop and others. But a sad reality is that power is seductive and it corrupts. In the meeting of the Central Committee it is suggested that Bishop shares the duties of leader with Bernard Coard, second in command. The meeting expands into criticism of Bishop’s ruling style, but the matter is put on hold as Bishop wants to think about the party’s future and obtain Coard’s input. Coard was not present, and the talking is done by others. But this meeting would set into motion a chain of events that brought Grenada to the brink of anarchy.

Before we reach the fallout in October 1983, Godfrey provides a short biography of Bishop’s life and his rise in politics. It is a fascinating story, and easy to see why Bishop became the people’s favorite. However, he had his demons like other leaders. We learn of Bishop’s nonchalant manner in handling party issues, and his philandering which became an issue as his personal life became more complicated. His weaknesses provided the pretext needed for subordinates to usurp his authority. But they were not serious enough for death. The question that arises in what happened that caused the Central Committee to remove Bishop by force? The answer partly lies in a trip abroad that should have been routine.

The NJM had established itself as a left-wing government. Further, it had formed closed relations with Caribbean neighbor Cuba through its President Fidel Castro (1926-2016). This should come as no surprise because the NJM was based on Marxist-Leninist ideals and naturally aligned itself with nations founded on similar principles. But Washington was watching closely, and Bishop’s growing ties to Castro did not go unnoticed at home. In fact, as we see in the story, it backfired with deadly consequences. It also raised the issue of how much influence Cuba should have in Grenada’s affairs. Internally, Bishop’s avoidance of the bi-lateral power sharing agreement, planted the seeds of doubt in the minds of people who believed he needed to be removed. The fear of a tyrant was fresh in their minds due to the removal of a former president whose name is rarely mentioned in world history.

As a backstory to the fallout between Bishop and party leaders, we learn of the toppling of Prime Minister Eric Gairy (1922-1997) who was viewed as a dictator. For readers unaware of Gairy’s reign, this is a good primer. Of course, the full story is far more detailed, but for the purposes of this book, the amount of information is sufficient to set the stage for Bishop’s future battle within his own party. His trip abroad which included a visit to Cuba, set the stage for the conspirators to enact their plan. And when the party does meet with Bishop who is reluctant to change the power structure, we see the writing on the wall. A secret meeting without his knowledge proves to be a warning that something was not right. The moment we are waiting for eventually comes when Bishop and others are detained. But the conspirators did not anticipate that the people of Grenada loved Bishop and would not tolerate his incarceration on trumped up charges.

When the people learn that Bishop has been arrested, all hell breaks loose in Grenada. He is eventually freed and retreats to Fort Rupert along with the other officials unjustly detained. At first it seems as if Bishop will prevail, but this location would prove to be a scene of horrific events that are haunting. I must warn readers that the decision to seize the fort and capture its occupants is graphic. Frankly, it was nothing short of murder. As I read, I felt a sense of loss at Bishop’s death and how callous his executioners were in ending the lives of Grenadian officials. It is by far, the darkest moment in the book and I can only imagine the grief felt by Grenadians on that day. In Cuba, Castro was following the events, and his prophetic warning about U.S. involvement was about to come true.

The deployment of U.S. Marines has been labeled an “invasion”. It is true that battles did occur between the U.S. military and Grenadian army, but order was restored, and the October 17 group consisting of those who led the coup against Bishop received their comeuppance for what happened. The author explains the result of the arrival of U.S. troops and trials of conspirators. Today, those who survived their prison sentences are still alive, but they carry with them the memories of October 19, and the insanity which occurred. Bishop’s demise was tragic, and its impact was significant. It is further complicated by the controversy surrounding his grave which has no marker. Readers who find this book enjoyable, should take a look at a Washington Post podcast called ‘The Empty Grave of Comrade Bishop‘ by host Martine Powers. It is a fascination series of episodes which take a deep dive into the life of Maurich Bishop and the island of Grenada.

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B08JF29K7G
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Ian Randle Publishers (September 16, 2020)

Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project – General Leslie R. Groves

On By Genyc79In World War IILeave a comment

grovesOn May 8, 1945, Allied forces celebrated Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day) marking the surrender of the German armed forces in World War II. In the Pacific, the war against Japan continued to rage forcing Allied commanders to face the grim reality of a ground invasion which became the basis of the proposed Operation Downfall. The invasion would have resulted in a large number of casualties on both sides but ending the war was priority number one. Unbeknownst to troops in the field, Washington had been working diligently on a new weapon that had the potential to end the war. On August 9, 1945, the United States Air Force executed a mission which dropped the atomic bomb named “Little Boy” on Hiroshima, Japan. Three days later on August 9, “Fat Man” was dropped on Nagasaki. The impact was devastating and on August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered, bringing World War II to an end. For those who worked on the Manhattan Project, the success of the bombs was both a blessing and a curse. But no one could deny the hard work and dedication which turned the project from a vision into a reality. And here to explain how it came into existence and succeeded is Gen. Leslie R. Groves (1896-1970), the man in charge.

If you have seen the film ‘Oppenheimer‘ starring Cillian Murphy as the famed scientist, you will recall Groves who is played by Matt Damon. The film was a hit and the type of production we have to expect from director/filmmaker Christopher Nolan and brilliantly captured the suspense and uncertainty surrounding the creation and testing of the bomb. And although the film does not portray the events which conclude World War II, it brought the past to life as the American military and scientists found themselves in a race against time. Groves wrote this book in 1962 ,and the Kindle version was republished in 2009. The story of the project is far more complete today, but Groves’ account is still a fascinating look into the magnitude of the project and secrecy required to ensure its success. But it was not without its challenges.

Groves starts at the beginning when the project receives the green light and is placed under his control. He had been given an assignment but needed to assemble the manpower to get it done. Step by step, he covers the coordination and the factors which went into each decision. There are interesting revelations, and the initial challenge with the enrichment of Uranium at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, highlights the complexity of atomic energy which confronted the scientists. Further, the various hardware components presented their own logistical challenges, but Groves was committed to his assignment, and he thoroughly explains how problems arose and were then resolved. However, the biggest challenges they faced were espionage and maintaining absolute secrecy.

In hindsight, we know that there were spies in Los Alamos. Groves discusses this and in particular, the betrayal by German theoretical physicist Klaus Fuchs (1911-1988) who supplied nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union. There were other threats as well, and Groves explains the need for stringent security and secrecy, even from members of Congress. In fact, on more than one occasion in the book, an issue with a curious politician becomes a threat to the project’s operation. The project was not exposed publicly but  the incident heightened the anxiety of those involved. In regard to the people selected to work at Los Alamos, the groups of people who lived there during the project’s duration endured upheaval in their personal lives which has gone unnoticed. Groves pays close focus to the role of women at Los Alamos and how essential it was to assist those who were not in the military and expected to endure unusual living conditions. But while America was protecting secrets at home, it also needed to know if Germany was building a bomb of its own.

World War II historians will be familiar with the name of U.S. Army Counter Intelligence Officer Borish Pash (1900-1995). To say that he was responsible for one of the most important missions of the war would be an understatement. His role and that of the Alsos Mission were critical to America’s success and the Groves provides the goods. The story is incredible and highlights the lengths to which Allied forces went to bring down the Axis powers. Pash’s name is forgotten today but his role in World War II should never be overlooked. Groves pays homage to him and cements his legacy as he explains the importance of the Alsos mission and how it changed the outcome of the war. The intelligence operations in Germany also revealed the scope of the Third Reich’s attempt to harness nuclear power and its intended use. The German scientists captured by the Allied forces reveal interesting facts about Germany’s project in the story, but none proved to be smoking guns.

While the development of the bomb moves forward, Groves also has to contend with the sharing of intelligence with America’s allies Britain and France. The matter was complicated, and the author explains the difficulties they faced in safeguarding the secrecy of the project while maintaining strong ties with the countries supporting the Allied mission to win the war. As readers will learn, even allies can be a thorn in one’s side. And at home, tough decisions were made in regard to the amount of classified intelligence to be shared with foreign governments. But everything changes when the scientists inform military brass that they are ready for a test of the bomb’s efficacy.

The military needed to evaluate the bomb, but where? Groves explains the debate surrounding a testing site and the decision to conduct it at the Alamogordo Bombing Range known as Jornada del Muerto. The suspense builds as the date approaches. Nolan’s film brilliantly captures the events surrounding the test and as I read, images from the movie crept into my mind. After building up to the moment of truth, the results come in and Groves’ first-hand account reveals the joy and horror found among the scientists. But the military had no time to waste, and the matter was brought before President Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) whose order to proceed changed history. The decision to drop the atomic bombs remains controversial and Groves is aware of that. His account is not a discussion on the moral aspect of its use, but rather the rush to end the war in the Pacific. And in order to use the bomb, the United States Air Force enters the story.

Both bombs were ready for use but arming and loading them on to an aircraft proved to be a logistical challenge as explained by the author. We know that the air force was able to load the planes and use the weapons but the movements behind the scenes were equally turbulent. This section in the book was intriguing, and Groves thoroughly explains the selection of targets, the difficulty with selecting the right aircraft and even the flight formation. Familiar names enter the story such as Gen. Paul Tibbets (1915-2007) and Gen. Curtis E. Lemay (1906-1990). All hands were on deck as Fat Man and Little Boy were put to use. The bombs were successful in forcing Japan to surrender, but the war had cost millions of lives around the world. The war was over but what happened to the Manhattan Project? Groves walks us through the war’s end and the shift of atomic energy from a military project to a government issue to be overseen by the newly created Atomic Energy Commission.

The book concludes as the war fades away, and there is no mention of the battle Oppenheimer faced with his opposition to further use of atomic weapons. Nolan’s film captures the saga which engulfed the famed scientist and there are articles online about it. But I would like to point out that while Oppenheimer was instrumental in the success at Los Alamos, we cannot forget the importance Dr. Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) who is a footnote to history.  He was far more important than is acknowledged, and Groves gives him his due here. It is often said that World War II changed the planet, and the effects of the war can still be seen today. In the spring of 1945, Allied commanders found themselves faced with the reality that ending the war would not be as simple as people thought. There would be more bloodshed and heartache to bring the Japanese empire to its knees. The developments at Los Alamos proved to be a necessary tool but its creation, usage and existence has continued to haunt us with critical questions which will be asked for an eternity. But if you want to learn about the Manhattan Project from the man who was in charge, this is it.

“In answer to the question, “Was the development of the atomic bomb by the United States necessary?” I reply unequivocally, “Yes.” To the question, “Is atomic energy a force for good or for evil?” I can only say, “As mankind wills it.” – Leslie R. Groves

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B009SC1LZY
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Da Capo Press (August 11, 2009)

The Autobiography of Malcolm X as Told to Alex Haley – Malcolm X and Alex Haley

On By Genyc79In AutobiographyLeave a comment

malcolm

During my sophomore year of high school, my English teacher Ms. Cregan, had asked each of us to pick a book for the Christmas and New Year holiday recess, and later author a report on it. I chose the ‘Autobiography of Malcolm X As Told to Alex Haley‘. After finishing the book, I drafted the required report and earned an A+ for it. However, the passage of thirty years left me with faded memories of its contents. Malcolm’s story has been told by others and there are documentaries which discuss the Nation of Islam. However, I wanted to read Malcolm’s words again as told to Alex Haley. My most recent blog post was a review of Robert J. Norrell’s biography of Haley which examined the late author’s life and the books he authored, which had a significant impact on American culture. Sadly, Malcolm never saw the publication of this book which ends in January 1965, a month before his murder at the Audobon Ballroom on February 21, 1965. But that does not diminish the book’s power, importance, and relevance.

In 1992, Warner Bros. released ‘Malcolm X‘ starring Hollywood legend Denzel Washington in the lead role. The film was a hit, and Washington nailed the portrayal of the late civil rights icon. However, the film does have its flaws, notably in the absence of Malcolm’s siblings as the story is told. His widow Dr. Betty Shabazz (1934-1997) was a consultant on the film, but the lack of input from Malcolm’s half-sister Ella Little-Collins (1914-1996) is regrettable. In spite of this, the film is a masterpiece and Spike Lee remains a critical voice in bringing the experiences of Black Americans to the silver screen. If you have seen the film, you will see the portrayal of Malcolm story which line up with what is told here. Hollywood did take some liberties in production, but the movie is fairly accurate.

Malcolm kicks off the story by revisiting his childhood in Lansing, Michigan during the 1920s. What he explains is what one would expect of life for Black Americans in a time where Jim Crow was a real and deadly threat. But for the young Malcolm, there are also issues inside the house where his father Earl (1890-1931) and mother Louise (1894 or 1897 – 1989) do their best to provide for eight children (Earl had previously fathered children before Louise and that union had produced Malcolm’s sister Ella). The family had moved from Omaha, Nebraska but could not escape the poverty Black Americans found themselves in. Malcolm’s descriptions of hunger and tensions between his parents are sobering, and Earl’s untimely demise is a significant blow to Louise who is left to raise eight children as a single-mother. It is not long before the State of Michigan becomes involved leading to separation at home and Louise dealing with life-long psychiatric issues. And though Malcolm found refuge in the home of a couple determined to provide a loving environment, his biological family had been fractured, and it was something he never forgot.

As he grows into a young man, his ethnicity becomes more of an issue, and he discusses race and the views held by those close to him including the family that had taken him in. And an incident with a teacher who gave him advice as to what he should aspire to be as a Black American, was a turning point in his life. Teachers reading this book will be mortified at the instructor’s comments. However, everything changes when Malcolm moves to Boston to live with Ella. As you can imagine, a country boy arriving in the big city has a lot to learn. And Malcolm takes us on that journey as he learns the street life. Added to this are his “zoo suits” and “conked” hair which were common on the street in those times. Speaking frankly about his past self, Malcolm dissects the foolishness of his earlier ways. His stint as a porter on the railroad is also revisited and how his employment opened his eyes to another world: New York City. He could not have known then that New York would be his final resting place.

The story changes gear and the streets become Malcolm’s home. He lived the hustler’s life and readers will take note of his full immersion in a life of destruction. It was a miracle that he was not killed on the streets of Boston or New York. He was flying high and introduced us to the characters we see in the film. There is the sad descent of Laura into a life off debauchery, the romance with Sophia and the fallout with West Indian Archie. As I read the story, I could see his downfall coming, and after a botched robbery, he and his friend “Shorty” find themselves arrested, convicted, and sent to prison. Of course, there is more to the robbery story, and race does play a factor in the ir fates. Reading it today feels surreal, but this was America at that time and the idea of interracial relationships or marriage was illegal in many states. However, for Malcolm, prison would be his savior.

Malcolm’s prison experience, as he tells it, is different from what we see in the film. In fact, the character “Brother Baines” is fictional. The true story of his conversion to Islam is more intricate, and involved several of his siblings who had previously joined the Nation of Islam (“NOI”). His brothers Reginald Little (1927-2001) and Philbert Little (1923-1994) each played a role with the latter having a larger impact to his close relationship with Malcolm. However, their actions after his death left me speechless. The details are in the epilogue by Haley. I was fascinated by Malcolm’s transformation which was nothing short of incredible. His methods to improve himself and ability to digest information are signs of the future iconic figure we know today. But that was still to come and before we reach the streets of Harlem, he goes through his conversion to Islam which involves pledging allegiance to the NOI and its leader Elijah Muhammad (1897-1975). The remainder of the book focuses on the NOI and Malcolm’s fallout and later defection which had deadly consequences.

A full discussion of the NOI and Malcolm’s relationship would be enough to fill several volumes of books. Malcolm condenses the story and touches on the most critical issues. He explains his rise and how Islam began to reach Black Americans. But he could not ignore trouble rumors which turned into factual revelations that Muhammad had fathered children out of wedlock. The crack in the relationship between Malcolm and the NOI had been formed. Curiously, Malcolm does not mention that Muhammad had been having an affair with a woman who he once had been involved with. That information is contained in ‘Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention‘ by the late Manning Marable (1950-2011). Marable died before his book was published but had spent ten years researching and drafting his book which is strongly recommended for readers interested in Malcolm’s life. He discusses the topics which did not make the cut in this book. Malcolm had started to become disillusioned with the NOI but remained loyal. However, that all changed in the wake of the murder of President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963). Malcolm had been asked to comment on the assassination. Elijah Muhammad had given specific orders for no statements to be made by the NOI. While answering the question, Malcolm made the “chicken coming home to roost” statement which went viral in the press and led to a ninety-day suspension. But as we learn from him, the stage was being set for his removal from the NOI.

The gap between Malcolm and the NOI continues to widen as the story progresses. And while he explains the things he learned and noticed about the increasing animosity towards him, we also see that he becomes more fatalistic regarding his own mortality. His eyes had been opened but there is one more crucial event that opens the door for his reinvention: the pilgrimage to Mecca. It should be noted that his trip would not have been possible with his sister Ella who played a monumental role in Malcolm’s life. Her role in helping Malcolm throughout his life cannot be overstated. Moving forward, the trip to Mecca was not without its mishaps but the experience was life changing for him. He revisits the pilgrimage, and it is evident by his words that it changed his life. He was away from America but when he returned, the troubles with the NOI were far from gone. And upon arrival back in New York, the tensions escalated. Malcolm knew he was a marked man, but he makes a couple of statements that caught my attention. The first implies that the order to kill him was no secret and the second implies that forces outside the NOI may have been involved. Regardless, the clock was ticking, and he knew death was waiting. The final weeks of his life were chaotic and the attempts on his life resembled a Hollywood production. But this was no film and killers were after him. And on February 21, 1965, the end came in a hail of bullets.

Haley tells the aftermath of the shooting, but it is a not a full discussion of everything that happened. I do not believe Haley intended it to be either. It is more of a recap before the book concludes. Haley’s epilogue is an added bonus which does discuss events post-assassination. Again, it is not a full discussion of the trials of the three men convicted in Malcolm’s death (two have been exonerated) but a discussion of how the death impacted the NOI and Malcolm’s supporters, including the late actor Ossie Davis (1917-2005), whose eulogy of Malcolm still gives me chills. After I finished the book, I saw quietly for several minutes and thought about Malcolm’s life and its tragic end. I asked myself if any of us fully understood him. Today in 2024, wisdom can be found in his words. We will not agree with everything he said, and Malcolm himself stated that what he learned in the NOI was not the true Islam. Following his pilgrimage to Mecca, he had come to see what Islam should mean and wanted the gift of love and peace to confront the racism plaguing America. However, the forces against him were determined to prevail and America was not ready for the change he envisioned. There will never be another Malcolm X, and these words by him are a summation of all the things he experienced and did in his short life:

“Yes, I have cherished my “demagogue” role. I know that societies often have killed the people who have helped to change those societies. And if I can die having brought any light, having exposed any meaningful truth that will help to destroy the racist cancer that is malignant in the body of America—then, all of the credit is due to Allah. Only the mistakes have been mine.” – Malcolm X 

This book is a gift that keeps on giving. Highly recommended.

ASIN :‎ B013ZNNX5C
Publisher :‎ Ballantine Books; Reprint edition (August 25, 2015)

Alex Haley and the Books That Changed a Nation – Robert J. Norrell

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AlexAs January 1977 approached, ABC studios prepared for what would become an earth-shattering moment in American television history. Network executives had given the green light to a miniseries called ‘Roots‘ about the experience of Black Americans brought to the New World as slaves. The show was a monstrous success, and the final episode caught the attention of one-hundred million Americans. The series had been adapted for the silver screen based on the writings of the late Alexander Murray Palmer “Alex” Haley (1921-1992). Known to the world simply as “Alex” the author had turned America’s attention to the experience of its Black citizens who ordeal was far from over. But Roots was not his only success, and he had found fame in other ways as well. Further, there was more to the writer than the books bearing his name. Haley’s life on its own is the subject of this book which peels back the layers on the life of a gifted writer whose untimely demise left a void in the circle of Black authors which has never been filled.

When I saw this book in my list of recommendations, it caught my attention because I knew of Haley and his work. In high school, an English teacher named Ms. Drew who assigned several books for summer reading. One of those books was ‘The Autobiography of Malcolm X: As Told to Aley Haley‘ which I wrote a report about after finishing Malcolm’s story. The book has stayed with me, and I am currently reading it again. Of course, there were things Malcolm left out but the book has stood the test of time as required reading for those in search of an understanding of the life of Malcolm X (1925-1965). The story here begins in Henning, Tennessee under the weight of Jim Crow, a system young Palmer, as he is called by family, learns to navigate. However, his family would have been labeled middle class even as African Americans at that time. Further, the strong influence of his grandparents is readily apparent as the story progresses. However, tragedy strikes in several ways in which no one could have predicted. But in the end life must go on and it did for the young Alex Haley.

As he grows up, the story shifts gear when Uncle Sam enters the picture. I did not know that Haley had enlisted in the United States Coast Guard. This fateful decision is part of the reason the world received the writer who changed literature. I found myself glued to the pages as I read about his movement through the Navy which was not immune to racial discrimination and segregation. However, Haley had a gift with the pen, and he was literate. Readers may be surprised at the illiteracy found among fellow sailors but at that time, it was an escape for both poor whites and poor blacks, some of whom lacked formal education. Between letters and weekly articles, Haley’s star continued to rise, and he caught the attention of senior officers who realized his talents were wasted below decks. The story is incredible and highlights how far talent can take us. Surely, there were helping hands along the way as Haley completed a twenty-year career, retiring in 1959. Upon discharge, he was free to write as a freelancer but soon learned life outside the military was far less structured.

Haley’s writings are the crux of the story, but his personal life remains under scrutiny. And we learn of the three marriages in his life and the failed relationships he left behind. As each relationship develops, we can see as a reader the upcoming pitfall that Haley could not escape. However, it is fair to say that there is no perfect relationship nor a perfect human being, and his personal transgressions do not take away from his monumental contributions to American culture. But admittedly, his lack of parenting and ability to provide companionship to those who needed it stand in stark contrast to his unwavering commitment to the subjects of his books. And after moving from place to place and scraping by, he receives the opportunity of a lifetime even if he did not yet know it.

When Haley meets Malcolm X, the intensity level in the book increases significantly and rightfully so. Malcolm was an intensely charismatic and intelligent figure, but their connection did not develop quickly. It was interesting to see how long it took for their bond to develop and their early struggles as Malcolm told his story. Sadly, we know Malcolm did not leave to see the book’s publication. In fact, as explained in the story, Haley had spoken to Malcolm the day before his assassination at the Audobon Ballroom on February 21, 1965. This section gave me chills instantly. Curiously, the biography was not an instant hit, and publishers were not keen on it. In hindsight, we can see today that they had a masterpiece that needed time to reach its audience. But after Malcolm’s death, Haley needed work and money, and soon embarked on the project that changed his life and the core of American society.

Prior to reading the book, I did not know the story behind Roots. Well, the author tackles that subject, and we follow Haley to Africa as he searches for his family’s roots. And it is here that the story of Roots was born. The mission to get the book published was nothing short of brutal and the chaos is on full display as Norrell continues the story. The project was eventually completed and the decision to make a television series changes the game completely. Television is fascinating and the development of Roots, a story of its own, is also revisited, and the effort behind the show was monumental. The author pays close focus on the show’s impact which was staggering and how it reached Americans of every creed. The show was a success, and Haley was riding high until the lawsuits and accusations of fraud arrive.

At this point in the book, Haley has built up his image and wallet, but both come close to being undone from the fallout from litigation. The lawsuits and accusations leveled against him were serious, but the author presents a case against those which were frivolous. In the end, it is up to the reader to decide how he or she chooses to view his work. Haley had written a well-intentioned and emotional book about the dehumanizing system of slavery, and no one could deny its popularity and importance. The charges against him and the settlement of one claim damaged his image but failed to put him out of commission. And despite accusations that the entire story was made up, Roots remained a hit. And Haley remained in high esteem and sought after for lectures.

Following the success of Roots, Haley enjoyed fame but never again reached the heights of the television series. However, had he not died unexpectedly on February 10, 1992, he may have given us another masterpiece to change the way we view ourselves, each other, and the country we call home. If you need an enjoyable book about an author who shook up America, this will be a good addition to your library.

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B00WDW06HA
Publisher ‏ : ‎ St. Martin’s Press (November 10, 2015)

American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House – Jon Meachem

On By Genyc79In BiographiesLeave a comment

AndrewThe office of the American presidency is sought by many but obtained by few. And those who do serve can tell you there is no user’s manual and regardless of what you do, there will be pushback to your policies. However, presidents must make tough decisions and find ways to live with their choices. America’s seventh President Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), stood firmly behind his decisions which changed the course of history across North America. But there is more to his story than the policies that defined a nation. In fact, his life was anything but ordinary. His image can be found on the twenty-dollar bill, currency used daily as millions of people go about their lives. But just who was he and why is he so important to the story of America? Well, the answers to those questions plus other interesting facts are contained within this biography that should be required reading in classrooms across America. 

 The title of the book is appropriate, Jackson was a lion of a person. Today we cannot imagine a president who engaged in duels to the death or grapples with assassins. But Andrew Jackson was that leader whose fearlessness stands out in history. But before we reach his presidency, the author takes us back in time to his childhood and the American Revolution, a conflict which Jackson and his brother Robert would be directly involved in. And an encounter with a British troop would leave Jackson with a memory that lasted his entire life as America flourished. The Jackson family found itself in unusual times, but it is not long before tragedy strikes at home. The events that transpire are heartbreaking, and his mother’s demise reminded me to cherish my parents for as many years as they are here. Following service in the military, Jackson eventually finds his way to Nashville, Tennessee and it is here that his legal and political careers are born. However, no one could have predicted then that Jackson would become president.  

I found the story deeply interesting, and students of politics will love how the author has composed the accounts of the election campaigns. It is a course in political history and highlights the importance faced by every figure to preserve the growing union. In 1829, Jackson was elected to the presidency, but comments in the book from those who knew his character are intriguing. He was not the person who most thought should be commander-in-chief. However, he had won public support, and the electoral college cemented his win. During his time in office, he would oversee controversial policies that altered the American landscape. It is imperative to remember that at this time, there was no Republican Party, and the Whigs do not appear until later in the story. In fact, the Democratic Party had not yet been completed and the electoral votes pale in comparison to the numbers today. But in 1828, this was the America that Jackson was chosen to lead. And as the story moves forward, the author takes us on a wild ride. 

There are two events in the book which left me astonished. The first is that Jackson carried in his chest a bullet from a duel in 1806. That insane story is told here and after reading Meachem’s account of what happened, I could only stare in disbelief. Jackson not only talked the talk, but he also walked the walk. The second incident involves the Benton family, and once again gunplay is involved. It is another crazy story from 1813 which caused me to wonder why anyone in their right mind would challenge Jackson to anything. The man was absolutely fearless and not afraid of direct confrontation. Those traits were needed as he navigated Congress and Southern States suspicious of Washington. I should point out that the violent incidents were the result of serious issues, and the story of his late wife Rachel (1767-1828) has to be understood as a primer for the deadly encounters.  Her death shattered Jackson and I learned for the first time that he did not have any biological children. But all hope was not lost, and the arrival of Andrew (1799-1871) and Emily Donelson (1807-1836) into his life was profound. The couple played a crucial role in Jackson’s presidency as shown in the story, at times to great personal sacrifice. And their feud with John (1790-1856) and Margaret Eaton (1799-1879), also part of Jackson’s administration, takes center stage in unpleasant ways. 

Historically, Jackson’s presidency does have its controversy and rightfully so. There are several elephants in the room, and the author does not shy away from them. The first issue is slavery. This should come as no surprise as it was a normal practice in America during that time period. Jackson was deeply anti-abolitionist and a slave owner himself, so it was no surprise to see him urging the protection of human bondage. Admittedly, it was hard to reconcile this image of him with the president who viewed the union as above any man and believed freedom to be paramount. Andrew and Emily were also pro-slavery and the reliance upon enslaved persons remains a dark stain in America’s past. And while I understood Johnson’s views on keeping the union intact, slavery was an issue which would not go  away quietly as America  learned in 1861.

In keeping the union intact, Jackson had to confront an extremely serious crisis brewing in South Carolina in the shape of the nullification crisis over tariffs on foreign goods. The matter was deadly serious and talks about secession were common. The saga is fascinating, and we are given a ringside seat into Washington as Jackson is faced with no choice but to assert the Government’s authority over the states. South Carolina was defiant but Jackson would have none of it. Thus, we learn about the Force Bill which became a showdown between the states and the Federal Government. And this is a story I did not learn in school. 

Both issues above were grave, but we cannot ignore the plight of the Native Americans. And this is a very dark part of Jackson’s term in office and North America. The Indian Removal Act of  1830 and Trail of Tears are discussed by the author briefly, but to fully examine each would require a completely different book. However, the author makes it clear that the forced removal of Native Americans from the South was  inhumane. But in Jackson’s mind, it was the destiny of America, and he did not shed any tears for Indians forcibly removed from their homes. And this adds further complexity to the legacy of Andrew Jackson. 

Following his departure from office in 1837, he faded away from public light but continued to assert his influence behind the scenes. We follow him as he supports his candidate for president Martin Van Buren (1782-1862) who succeeds Jackson as America’s eighth president. Physically, his decline is evident, but I also took notice of his constant health issues throughout the book. In fact, a crucial part of the story is Johnson’s struggles with his mortality and the struggles of those around him, in particular Emily Donelson, who served as the “First Lady” due to Rachel’s untimely passing in 1828. In the end, there is no dramatic scene, but a simple end to the life of a political juggernaut who reshaped America. He was complex, a man of good traits and questionable character, but someone who believed that the Republic was beyond any one person, and that no one should ever forget that. Highly recommended. 

“Jackson’s vision was elementary yet expansive in the context of the early Republic. He wanted a political culture in which a majority of the voters chose a president, and a president chose his administration, and his administration governed by its lights in full view of the people, and the people decided four years hence whether to reward the president with another term or retire him—and them—from public life.” 

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B001FA0JSM
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Random House; 1st edition (November 4, 2008)

Predicting Pearl Harbor: Billy Mitchell and the Path to War – Ronald Drez

On By Genyc79In World War IILeave a comment

billySeveral days ago, America marked eighty-three years since the Japanese military attacked the U.S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack claimed the lives of 2,403 people and paved the way for America’s entry into World War II. On December 8, the day after the attack, President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) declared the attack a “Day of Infamy”. Four years later, Japan surrendered following the use of two atomic weapons by the United States Air Force. In the years that followed, there would be speculation as to whether the White House knew in advance that Pearl Harbor would be attacked. The issue remains controversial but there were officials who had predicted a Japanese military attack in the Pacific. Among them was the late Col. William Lendrum “Billy” Mitchell (1879-1936), an early pioneer of air defense whose premonitions were vindicated by the success of Air Force General Curtis E. Lemay (1906-1990) during World War II. Today Mitchell is a footnote in history, but this seasoned commander never wavered in his outspoken belief that Japan would attack America in the pacific. This is his story and how America’s military brass missed a crucial opportunity to take the lead in air defense. 

You may be wondering why you have never heard of Billy Mitchell. Sadly, he died in 1936, three years before German Chancellor Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) gave the green light for the German Wehrmacht to invade neighboring Poland and ignite the second world war. However, his importance to history cannot be overlooked. But the key to understanding Mitchell’s relentless crusade to change the mindset of military commanders lies in the Japanese empire itself, often misunderstood from a historical context. The author provides a thorough discussion of the closed-door policy held by Japan and the risk of execution by those who dared to enter its vicinity and even Japanese seeking to return home. The expedition by U.S. Naval Officer Matthew C. Perry (1794-1858) which is discussed in the book, was a pivotal moment in world history but far from the end of the story. In fact, Japan was the beast that was now wide awake. 

Mitchell was a World War I veteran, but his focus had shifted to the Pacific which he came to believe was the perfect avenue for Japanese expansion. His reasons are explained methodically by the author who relays Mitchell’s own observations and writings about what he learned as he toured the Far East in 1923. In America, he knew he was facing an uphill battle but believed that demonstrations were key. Thus, we learn from the story of several demonstrations of air power which left commanders speechless and proved that air combat was a reality. Mitchell was on the money, but the military was not yet ready to listen. Undeterred, his mission to change the view of air power proceeded, but he soon found enemies from within. 

As I read the story, I kept asking myself why very few people in high command were watching Japan. The author reviews the country’s movements in the years before Pearl Harbor as its empire expanded across Asian. Further, Japan’s departure from the League of Nations on March 27, 1933, alarm bells should have been ringing throughout the nation. Readers will see the pieces of the puzzle come together as the Land of the Rising Sun ramps up its war effort. Mitchell and the late Gen. Homer Lea (1876-1912), an officer in the army of Chinese President Sun Yat-sen (1886-1925), had both warned of Japanese influence but to no avail. But Mitchell would not give up and we eventually reach the final act of the book when he is tried before a military court due to his refusal to abandon support for a dedicated air defense system. 

The court trial proceeded like the staged event Mitchell expected but he came out swinging, backed by public opinion and supported by fellow aviators who later made their claims to fame. While reading I had hoped that Mitchell would prevail, but he knew his fate was sealed. The court testimony is riveting and shows the politics at play in the armed forces. But in the end, Mitchell could not escape the court-martial waiting for him. The sad conclusion marks the end to a valiant effort to alert America to a growing threat in the Far East. Unfortunately, it would take the attack at Pearl Harbor to wake up America’s military which then pushed for an air defense network and combat network. Mitchell’s chilling warnings in his report on the Pacific were shunned and ignored but later came back to haunt the American military. But the air force would not let his memory die, and the B-29 bomber conducted the missions that would have made Mitchell proud. The author writes in smooth narrative that keeps the reader engaged from start to finish. And at the end of the book, we are given another story about events on the Pacific Island of Niihau which provided the blueprint for internment of suspected foreign sympathizers here in America. Highly recommended. 

“With us air people, the future of our nation is indissolubly bound up in the development of air power.” – Col. Billy Mitchell

ASIN ‏ : ‎ 1455623156
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Pelican Publishing (August 15, 2017)

All That Heaven Allows: A Biography of Rock Hudson – Mark Griffin

On By Genyc79In BiographiesLeave a comment

rockThe 1980s stands out as a decade beloved for the changes across the globe. It was a time of  shock and awe, as Hollywood won us over with classic films, the Soviet Union began its decline, and a new disease caught the world’s attention. Originally described as a “gay cancer”, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (“HIV”) and its advanced form, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (“AIDS”), forced everyone to pay close attention as people from all social classes of life succumbed to it. On October 2, 1985, Roy Scherer, Jr., known to the world as Rock Hudson (1928-1985), became another victim of the disease, but his death shocked the world not only because of the virus, but because he was a Hollywood star whose gay lifestyle had been carefully hidden from the public. With Hudson’s passing, secrets began to emerge in the form of lawsuits and “tell-all” interviews. However, there is more to his story as told here by author Mark Griffin in a biography that is both revealing and tragic.

Hudson is part of the “Golden Age” of Hollywood when stars were able to create carefully crafted images impervious to the prying eyes of fans and blackmailers. Unlike today’s world in which social media exposes any and all things, in Rock’s time, privacy was paramount, and it required a team of professionals who excelled in damage control. But who was the real Rock Hudson? I picked up this book to satisfy my own curiosity about a star who became a statistic of the AIDS epidemic. The story begins in Winnetka, Illinois, in the Scherer household, which proves to be anything but stable. In fact, his father’s actions toward his family left me speechless. Mother and son pick up the pieces and another male figure enters the picture, but he too was not the male figure the young child needed. But all was not lost, and the story takes interesting twists and turns as Roy, Jr. inches closer to his destiny.

I was surprised to learn that not only was Hudson a legendary star, but he was also a veteran. Like other actors of his time, he enlisted in the U.S. Navy and served during World War II. His military service is discussed, and what we learn is interesting. There are no smoking guns but signs to the lifestyle that had to be contained. Upon discharge from the military, he moves out west and attempts to reconnect with his biological father who had relocated to California. This part of the story is where we take a sharp turn and series of events play out that usher his arrival into Tinseltown. And the man responsible for that is Henry Wilson (1911-1978), who singlehandedly transformed Roy Scherer, Jr. into Rock Hudson. Prior to reading this book I did not know Wilson’s story or his role in shaping Hollywood stars. He left a complicated legacy full of accomplishments and dark revelations. The details are unnerving but not entirely surprising. The term “casting couch” did not come about overnight. Despite Wilson’s personal satisfactions, he did transform Hudson into a leading star, but one issue remained which threatened to derail everything Rock and others like him had accomplished.

An irony in the story is that once Rock became famous, it became increasingly necessary to hide any trace of the actor’s sexual orientation. The lengths to which Wilson does is surreal when viewed from today’s point of view. But sixty years ago, stars could not publicly come out as gay, lesbian, or transgender. The gay rights movement still had much ground to break across America. In Rock’s case, an image of a fierce lady-killer riding high on success was the prescribed course of action from Wilson and his team, and is a tactic employed by other agents who found success in sham marriages and women posing as “beards”. As Rock’s fame surges, the efforts to hide his orientation also increase, but behind the scenes Rock had his own drama and the story takes yet another turn when Wilson is pushed out and replaced by Tom Clark, a publicist who was both a blessing and a curse to Rock.

Hollywood was priority number one and Hudson was a professional at his craft. Through anecdotes included in the book and behind-the-scenes looks into production sets, it is apparent that he was beloved by those who knew him. And his sexuality was an “open secret”, just as it was for others in the industry. In fact, a scene that plays out with his “wife” Phyllis Gates (1925-2006) as she makes a cross-country trip before their wedding caught my attention and is a reminder that everyone has carefully guarded secrets. From the beginning, it is clear that the marriage is doomed, and when it ends, Rock is left to his own devices. But father time spares no one, and we also see an aging star who no longer has Hollywood as his playground. The downward slope commences but the tragic finale does not immediately play out. First, there is more to Rock’s personal life.

The third act which begins to play out, sees Clark on the east coast, and the arrival of Marc Christian McGinnis (1953-2009), whose actions after Rock’s death raised eyebrows. The controversy surrounding his life and actions are topics for another book and the author does a respectable job of addressing Christian’s role without devoting too much time which would have detracted from Rock’s story. However, Christian was with the star towards the end of his life. Attempting to pinpoint when Hudson became infected with HIV is futile, but there is a section in the book which revisits an encounter with former First Lady Nancy D. Reagan (1921-2016) which set off my alarm bells. Readers who are familiar with the breakout of Kaposi’s Sarcoma will instantly understand what is taking place. And once the illness begins to attack his immune system, the final stage of his life takes shape. His decline is rapid, including noticeable weight loss, fatigue and other conditions associated with the virus. And when death comes for him, there is no fanfare or dramatic ending but the silencing of a star who made his mark on Hollywood and was forced to live a life of secrecy. But he remains an icon of the Golden Era in Hollywood. This is the life of the late and great Rock Hudson.

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B075JDGVHL
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Harper; Reprint edition (December 4, 2018)

The Betrayal of Anne Frank: A Cold Case Investigation – Rosemary Sullivan

On By Genyc79In Investigative ReportLeave a comment

anneOn August 4, 1944, Dutch Police Inspector Karl Josef Silberbauer (1911-1972) and a team of officers arrived at 263-267Prinsengracht to conduct an inspection and arrest of any Jews in hiding. That day, eight people were taken from the annex. The youngest, Annelies Marie “Anne” Frank (1929-1945), was forced to leave behind her diary which she kept as the occupants remained hidden during World War II, as the Third Reich’s military executed German Chancellor Adolf Hitler’s (1889-1945) vision for world domination.  Seventy-nine years have passed since the conflict concluded but the question remains, who betrayed Anne Frank and the other occupants of the secret annex? Author Rosemary Sullivan and a team of seasoned investigators formed a unit to investigate the raid at the warehouse and determine who gave officials the information they needed to send Frank and her fellow annex residents to their deaths.

A commonly held belief is that the police received a tip about people hiding in the annex. That raises the issue of who would have wanted to give up the annex’s residents and why? The team tackles the matter from every angle and there are a few things that stand out which place the case in a vastly different light. From Anne Frank’s own words in ‘The Diary of a Young Girl’, we know that the warehouse underneath the annex had been burglarized at least three times. And during the last break in, the men in the annex had gone to inspect the damage and had been seen by people outside the building. However, there is no evidence that any of those people betrayed them. The key to solving the puzzle may be found in post-war events that reveal open secrets.

I do recommend reading Frank’s diary before starting this book, but it is not required. The reason is that Anne’s recap of day-to-day events provides a vivid picture of life inside the annex, complete with the hope, tension and terror that gripped them each day. In this investigative report, the team jumps straight into the raid and its aftermath. Suspicion of who betrayed them began instantly. Of the warehouse workers suspected as being an informant, Willem Van Maaren (1895-1971) stands out the most. Although he was not well-liked and distrusted, the evidence against him is scant and his guilt was never proven. But there are others who may have had a stake in the raid on the annex, and the suspense increases as the investigation unfolds.

Following the war, Anne’s father Otto (1889-1980) returned to Amsterdam and learned that his family had died in the Holocaust. He is responsible for the publishing of Anne’s diary, but as the authors show, there was more that he knew about that last day in the annex. Sullivan and the team provide a thorough discussion of Otto’s life, his marriage to Edith Frank (1925-1945), and the family’s exodus from Nazi Germany in 1933.  Otto was a very shrewd businessman with extensive contacts and knew more about the Dutch Police and Nazis that I first suspected. And an encounter with an employee named Job Jansen, Sr. (1887-1952) provides insight to his awareness of the danger surrounding him, his family and the Jews in Amsterdam. The Jansen story is interesting and adds another level of intrigue. But the mystery only gets deeper as the book progresses.

There was a surprise in the story that caught me off guard. Otto had a dedicated and loyal employee named Miep Gies (1909-2010) who secured Anne’s diary after the raid. In later years, she gave interviews about the annex and raid, and a statement she made in one discussion caught my attention. If she was being truthful when she spoke, then that leads me to believe that Gies knew who the betrayer was. As to why the identity remained secret, it is possible she held the same position as Otto who issues a similar statement. Gies undoubtedly knew more than she was willing to say for reasons she took with her to the grave. But she was candid, a witness to history and the person who had to console Otto when he learned that his wife and daughters had died. But the story is far from over.

To understand how the betrayal occurred, the authors focus on the Jewish community itself in the Netherlands. And to my dismay, the country deported more Jews than any territory outside of Germany. But how did they accomplish this? There are two clues in the Jewish Council, an organization the Germans had compelled them to institute and the compromised Jews who had been flipped by Nazi officials into trapping those in hiding. If you are Jewish and lost relatives in the Holocaust, this part of the book will be difficult. But even if you are not Jewish, it is still difficult to accept. The acknowledgment that Jews betrayed other Jews is a component of the story that required further exploration. Sullivan and her team take a deep dive into this area, uncovering crucial and disturbing information.

Two people enter the story which changes the narrative immensely. The first is Anton Christiaan “Tonny” Ahlers (1917-2000) a Dutch nazi and bounty hunter, and the second is Arnold van den Bergh (1886-1950), a Dutch notary. Both men had compelling reasons to betray Otto and the annex’s occupants, but did they? Ahlers was a nefarious figure and a blackmail artist, and very well could have tipped off the police. The full story is told within, and it is surreal. Van den Bergh’s story is a bit different. As a Dutch notary, he was in an extremely  prominent position and had secured benefits under Nazi rule. However, he and his family had come under scrutiny and were subject to deportation. Did he give up the Franks to save himself and his family? You can be the judge.

The investigative team exhaustively researched the case and with a careful process of elimination, clarifies who did not betray those in the secret annex. Further, they provide convincing evidence to support their conclusion as to who did. After this book was published, it was critizied heavily for the theories it presents. Towards the end of the book, the author addresses those criticisms and how they proceeded with their work. And in regard to the biggest critique of the book’s hypothesis, it is something that had been known when Otto returned to Amsterman and not created by the investigative team. Depsite the negativity from the literary field, what the authors present strongly supports Otto and Mies’s statements regarding the betrayer. But this is just my opinion. Please read it for yourself and find out what we do know about the betrayal of Anne Frank.

“In attempting to determine how Adolf Hitler had taken control, the US Office of Strategic Services commissioned a report in 1943 that explained his strategy: “Never to admit a fault or wrong; never to accept blame; concentrate on one enemy at a time; blame that enemy for everything that goes wrong; take advantage of every opportunity to raise a political whirlwind.” Soon hyperbole, extremism, defamation, and slander become commonplace and acceptable vehicles of power.” 

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B0BLSQLV3L
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Harper Perennial (January 17, 2023)

Exit Wounds: A Vietnam Elegy – Lanny Hunter

On By Genyc79In Biographies, Vietnam WarLeave a comment

HunterOn October 19, 1965, North Vietnamese soldiers fortified their positions surrounding the Plei Me camp located twenty-five miles south of Pleiku City. Before nightfall, the soldiers launched the first major offensive of the Vietnam War, a conflict that lasted ten years and deeply divided two countries. One of the soldiers who fought and survived the battle is Lanny Hunter, a former medical officer in the United States Army Special Forces. This is the story of his military service, the offensive at Plei Me, and his return to Vietnam in 1997 to locate Y-Kre Mlo, a Montagnard interpreter who remained in Vietnam following America’s withdrawal.  

Hunter’s book does not follow the traditional autobiography format. Instead, we shift gears between current-day return to Vietnam and his memories of from the war. This approach gives the book an enhanced feeling of authenticity as we follow his journey back to Vietnam in two different time periods full of memories that will last a lifetime. Other veterans have returned to Vietnam in search of closing, internal peace, and other personal reasons. One book I recommend is ‘Goodbye Vietnam‘ by William Broyles in which the author examines his service in the war and where America went wrong. Hunter had no desire to return but a message helps to change his mind, and he soon boards a Boeing 747 bound for Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon). By his own admission, he had a range of emotions returning to Indochina and as we see in the story, the combatreflexes were dormant but still present. However, he soon begins to adjust to a new Vietnam free of NVA soliders, landmines and other horrors of war. And when he reunites with Y-Kre, the story takes on a sentimental tone that remains until the end.  

The siege at Plei Me takes center stage, and Hunter revisits the battle through his role as a medic.  His descriptions of battlefield wounds and deaths are not to be taken lightly and emphasize the severity of warfare. As he treats the injured soldiers, his medical training kicks into high gear but there are  also occasions in the story where his combat training was needed. While doing his best to survive the siege, Hunter is seriously injured but mends his wounds and ensured that he remained in country to continue his role as a medic. His service in Vietnam was not solely centered around Plei Me, and there are other stories in the book of his actions as a doctor, including treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and wounds inflicted during drunken fights between “allies”. The anecdotes are interesting and provide more context for the ugliness of war. 

During his return visit, he eventually finds Y-Kre, and their reunion is heartwarming. And it was in this book that I learned more about the Montagnard people and their role in the Vietnam War. Y-Kre’s story of how Vietnam changed after the war is dark, and the way in which he and other Montagnard’s were abandoned by the United States Government is heartbreaking. He survived the war and its camps, but it took many years for him to recover both physically and mentally. Hunter also explains the war itself, including America’s escalating involvement into the conflict which originated when the French sought to reclaim its colonial possessions following World War II. But they underestimated the charismatic Ho Chi Minh (Ngyuen Sinh Cung)(1890-1969), North Vietnam’s first leader and the father figure in the war for independence. Hunter provides his perspective as a soldier trapped in a war doomed from the start through this statement which is a sobering truth:  

“Well-versed in Cold War facts and steeped in Cold War rhetoric, I was ignorant of Vietnam’s long, complex history. In this, I was little different from my government, its military leaders, and my commander in chief. The United States had overlooked the first rule of war: “Know your enemy.”

Ho Chi Minh was a complex figure, but he was not anti-American. In fact, he had lived outside of Vietnam for thirty years before returning to the nation of his birth in 1941. And one of his places of residency was my hometown of New York City. Following Japan’s defeat in World War II, Vietnam began to see itself in a different light and Ho recognized that America’s recognition of their government was critical to success. As Hunter explains here again: 

“Between August 1945 and February 1947, Hồ sent the American government eleven diplomatic communiqués pleading for an interest in the plight of the Vietnamese and, in particular, for protection from the French. Neither Truman, nor the State Department, acknowledged a single communication. Instead, America supported France in her effort to retain her colonial empire.” 

The die had been cast and in August 1964, incidents and alleged incidents in the Gulf of Tonkin provided the spark that catapulted America into Vietnam. As Hunter’s tour continued, he came to know the enemy composed of men such as himself. They were husbands, sons, cousins, and fathers determined to defend their country against imperialism by any means necessary. American military leaders struggled to understand this but infantry soldiers and officers who paid attention to the North Vietnamese came to learned their resolve and developed a form of respect for their opponents’ tenacity and dedication. And when he later returns to Vietnam, Hunter encounters former officers who have fought their own personal battles to put the war behind them and find peace in their lives. As I read the story, I could see the author’s challenges in facing men who fought against America on the battlefield thirty years prior. Regardless of which side troops were on, the horrors of war remained and Hunter opens up about his own issues with a condition once deeply misunderstood. 

When my uncle returned from Vietnam, he had to readjust to the world as my father has explained. While aboard the aircraft returning to the United States, senior officers instructed the troops to take off their uniforms before entering the terminal due to anti-war protestors and demonstrations. Taking off one’s uniform is simple but confronting Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (“PTSD”) is not. Hunter is not immune to it and discusses his acceptance of the condition and the effects of war on those who survive. Sadly, other veterans died before being able to heal and took to their graves, memories that haunted them night after night. As part of the healing process, the author visits the Vietnam War Memorial in Washington, D.C. and finds the names of the men whom he knew during his time in country. Through his words, their memories and sacrifices live on. 

After making his rounds in Vietnam and making peace with the past, Hunter returns to the United States but there is still more to the story. The war will always be with him. To help with this, the veterans have  meetups the veterans have where they re-live their shared experiences and how the war changed each one of them. The snippets of conversation highlight the immense bond formed by men in combat. It is unbreakable and life long. Hunter’s recollections about the friendships between the men is a fitting end to a story about the Vietnam War that is sure to keep you intrigued from beginning to end. Highly recommended.

ASIN ‏ : ‎ B0C1QNBLZ5
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Blackstone Publishing (October 10, 2023)

An American Requiem: God, My Father, and the War that Came Between Us – James Carroll

On By Genyc79In AutobiographyLeave a comment

RequiemOn August 1, 1961, United States Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara (1916-2009) established the Defense Intelligence Agency (“DIA”) which became operational on October 1, 1961. The new agency was assigned the task of acting as a central hub for the coordination and monitoring of the United States intelligence apparatus. In the wake of the Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961 and its disastrous aftermath, President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) sought to regain control over America’s intelligence operations. McNamara tapped Lt. Gen. Joseph Carroll (1910-1991), a former special agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”), to lead the DIA in its assigned mission to place power of the intelligence community in the hands of the president. Carroll and and his wife Mary had five sons, one of whom is the author of this book, James Carroll.  This is his story of how he found his way in the Church, his differences of opinion with his father on society’s issues, and how events during the 1960s altered the relationship between them.

Carroll, his siblings, and parents are the typical American family of the 1960s on appearance. For James, his middle-class upbringing progresses without fanfare. However, for his father Joseph, things were far more serious as the Cold War and Vietnam heated up. Domestically, the Civil Rights Movement was pressing full steam ahead and became a hotbed issue across America. Ideologically, father and son found themselves on opposite ends of the spectrum as the younger Carroll found a calling in religion. And as he moves priesthood to the delight of Francis Cardinal Spellman (1889-1967), he finds himself developing a negative view of the war, dedicated support for civil rights, and irritation at the claim of a “missile gap” with the Soviet Union.  The seeds had been planted and in 1969, Carroll was ordained into the priesthood to the delight of his parents who are proud of their priest son.

The Vietnam War remains controversial and has been called America’s “least popular” conflict. My uncle who served in Vietnam, recalled that when flying home after his tour, senior officers told troops to change into civilian clothes before leaving the aircraft and going home due to the hostile protestors waiting for returning soldiers. He went on to describe the names they were called, and soldiers being spat on by anti-war demonstrators. As the war rages, James becomes more disillusioned with the war, but he also knows that the relationship with his dad will become strained should his anti-war position become officially known, due to the father’s high rank in military circles. It becomes a cat and mouse game as the author explains the efforts, he employed to prevent his father from seeing his anti-war efforts at a time when Washington was committed to victory.  His analysis of the conflict and decisions by senior officials provokes thought, and highlights the miscalculations made by Washington in supporting the regime of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem (1901-1963), whose assassination casted a dark omen over the conflict and preceded Kennedy’s assassination in Dallas, Texas in November 1963. Eventually, the war did end, but the two Carrolls still had a rough road ahead.

In 1974, Carroll left the priesthood and shocked his parents. His decisions and feelings about it are explained, as well as the fallout at home as his staunchly Catholic parents learn that their son is leaving the clergy. It is a tough section in the book, and I can only imagine the pressure Carroll was under as he came to realize that he wanted a different path in life, which included a wife and kids who also are discussed in the story. In fact, there is one section regarding a road trip where his wife confronts him regarding the senior Carroll’s actions behind the wheel.  But what we also see is the first stage of decline for Joseph as he falls victim to a condition many of us have witnessed in our families. The author takes us step by step as the family does its best to support the aging patriarch, all the way to the end until he passes away surrounded by family.

When I finished the book, I was thoroughly satisfied with the purchase. Carroll writes beautifully, and the story is as American as you can get. The difference in opinions from one generation to the next, compounded by faith and issues of morality are what make the story relatable. Regardless of where we come from, every family has its struggles, and for the Carrolls, those challenges had long lasting effects. But the author never stopped loving his father and that should not be lost to the reader. Surely, there are tough moments in the book, and when the two do have difficult discussions, the elder Carroll’s softer side does come out. But he was also a man of code, and his profession required a level of discipline at a time when the world was on the brink of nuclear war and social upheaval had gripped the planet. And despite their challenges, both father and son are what make the story as compelling as it is.  Highly recommended.

“First, that no human being has the right to sit in absolute judgment of another. Second, the essential note of our relationship to God, and to each other, must be forgiveness.” – James Carroll

ASIN :‎ B0062EAWVU
Publisher :‎ Mariner Books; Reprint edition (April 1, 1997)