Category: American History

Paradise Falls: A Deadly Secret, a Cover-Up, and the Women Who Forged the Modern Environment Movement – Keith O’Brien

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LovecanalIn the 1890s, William T. Love set his sights on the Niagara River near Niagara Falls, New York. He envisioned a lively city full of promise but in 1893, a financial panic disrupted his plans, and by 1897, Love had abandoned his dream. However, the land was deemed valuable by others, and in the 1940s, the Chemical Hooker Company (“Hooker”) purchased the area that had become known as “Love Canal”. In 1953, the company sold the land to the Niagara Falls City School District at the low price of one dollar. To the board it seemed like a dream come true, but lurking underneath the surface were secrets that should have been cause for alarm. For the residents of Love Canal, the neighborhood they had grown to love, became the biggest threat to their lives. When I saw this book for purchase, I stopped for a moment to consider what I knew about Love Canal. I was aware that it was known for being contaminated, but there is far more to the story told by author, Keith O’Brien, who takes a deep dive into the tragic history that will leave you speechless.

The book commences by revisiting the experience of Debbie Gallo, who suffers burns while visiting a local playground. Her mother rushes her to the hospital, and the young girl makes a full recovery. However, their experience was mild in comparison to what was to come. After a brief explanation of the canal’s history and Love himself, the story picks up pace as the main characters enter the story. We soon learn about the families of Lois Gibbs and Luella Kenny, two mothers whose voices became irreplaceable in the struggle to hold Hooker responsible for the contaminants lurking in Love Canal. On the government side, the response from New York States comes through the words and actions of former Governor Hugh Carey (1919-2011) and former Health Commissioner David Axelrod (1935-1994). Carey weaves his in and out of the story, leaving Axlerod to manage the bulk of the tasks as health commissioner. But interestingly, even the health department had its own internal divisions over the Love Canal scandal, with the fiercest advocate for change being Beverly Paigen (1938-2020), whose story highlights the politics at play within the agency. The story is certainly a mix of pivotal figures, including then President James Earl “Jimmy” Carter, who inherits the Love Canal problem which becomes a hotbed political issue as his campaign for re-election is threaten by the popularity of Republican candidate Ronald Reagan (1911-2004). But none of this should take the attention away from the real victims in the story, the people of Love Canal. What they experienced was nothing short of horrific.

As I read the story, I found myself aghast at the staggering number of toxic chemicals investigators found at Love Canal. And regardless of the name revealed, it is understood that none were safe for human exposure. While the State of New York was going through the motions in responding to the crisis, families were falling apart. The story of Luella Kenny and her son Jon Allen is heartbreaking. The signs were there but it seemed as if no one was paying attention except Luella, who knew something was wrong with her son. Then there is the story of Elene Thorton, a resident of public housing who becomes a vocal critic on behalf of the black residents of Love Canal also struggling to have their stories told. Sadly, even in the time of a major crisis, the issue of race comes into play. And the monsters known as envy and greed also enter the story and threaten to undermine the effort to hold Hooker accountable. Frankly, no one comes out of the experience unscathed. Even Gibbs who becomes the spokeswoman for Love Canal saw her personal  life suffer. Her two lives are revisited as the author peels the layers back on the tragedy, revealing the incredible sacrifices by those determined to find resolution.

Probing by investigators underscores the disturbing reality that Hooker had not been fully transparent. But the find that breaks the camel’s back is the discovery of a dreaded and well-known pollutant called Dioxin. You may have heard the name before as it is a known cancer-causing toxin used in the herbicide labeled “Agent Orange” during the Vietnam War. At this point in the story, the floodgates are opened, and Washington can no longer ignore the Love Canal issue. To be fair, President Carter does take action, and the Super Fund legislation is passed by Congress. And the offer by Governor Carey to buy the property of homeowners in Love Canal was a good will gesture. But the efforts were sometimes too little too late. Those who survived Love Canal did so at the cost of personal hardship and in some cases, with lingering health issues.

Today there are new residents living near Love Canal which officials insist are safe. However, I doubt that we will fully know how deep the pollution was in the area. Yes, investigators cleaned up what was possible and demolished unsafe structures. But contamination is never a quick fix and for several decades, Hooker Chemical had free reign to dump its toxins. The story of Love Canal is the proof we need of how lack of oversight can have deadly consequences. This story is unbelievable and includes everything you would expect about a tragedy in a small American town. There are tears, death, fame, jubilation  and even a hostage situation as the people of Love Canal fight for their lives when a paradise fell. Highly recommended.

ASIN : B096DLTZF5

A Terrible Glory: Custer and the Little Bighorn – the Last Great Battle of the American West – James Donovan

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CusterOn June 25, 1876, the United States Army’s Seventh Calvary Unit engaged a combined force of Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribe warriors in a battle which resulted in a stunning defeat for the military and became known as “Custer’s Last Stand” due to the death of Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer (1839-1876). Custer has become a part of American pop culture, and his demise has been studied by scholars and historians. But was his demise a last stand? James Donovan revisits the tragedy of the Seventh Calvary in this book the author calls the last great battle of the American West.

The book is not intended to be a biography of Custer, but Donovan’s discussion of Custer’s early life is important in understanding the soldier he developed into. In comparison to the glorified image of Custer that prevailed in the wake of his death, the truth is far more complex, and the real Custer emerges as a multi-dimensional figure that is part of history for reasons he surely would not have wanted. However, before his demise, he did live an interesting life during the 1800s when America was still expanding its borders, even if it meant war with the natives. Following Custer’s childhood in Ohio, the author moves to his military career which includes service in the American Civil War. And on a personal note, we learn of Custer’s love for his wife, Elizabeth Bacon Custer (1842-1933) who is left to grieve after the battle at Little Bighorn. Custer’s service in the Civil War eventually ended with the defeat of the Confederacy, but for former soldiers, life after the war was far from easy. In fact, Donovan explains the sobering reality army officers faced after the South’s surrender. For Custer, life outside of a uniform was not much of a reality. Fate intervened, and he would join a new mission that would shed as much bloodshed as the Civil War: the battle to contain North America’s Indian tribes. And this is where the book takes a dark turn.

Readers who are sensitive to descriptions of violence, combat and the like should use discretion as the depictions of skirmishes between army troops and native tribes are revisited. The battles were brutal, and the tensions ran high across North America as white settlers and government troops pushed further west. Those who ventured past America’s western border, entered parts unknown. Some were never seen alive again. Treaties between the native tribes and the Bureau of Indian Affairs, did not count for much, and the escalation of tension between both sides raises the level of suspense as Donovan tells the story.  Custer found himself in need of a purpose which came through an invitation to join the Seventh Calvary. This decision would seal his fate although he could not have known this at the time.

As the story moves closer to the battle, Custer prepares his force which includes Indian scouts and even a Black volunteer named Isaiah Dorman (1832-1876) which was strange considering Custer’s views towards black troops during the Civil War. While Custer was preparing for what he believed would be a glorious battle, the natives had plans of their own. And leading the pack were the warriors Sitting Bull (1831-1890) and Crazy Horse (d. 1877). Had Custer known what they were planning, history might be different today. But he did not, and we soon reach the part of the story where the Seventh Calvary moves out on its mission. It was Custer’s last mission and I warn readers that it was far from a last stand but annihilation. In fact, I had to steel myself as I read about the battle’s aftermath. But why did Custer fail?

Donovan discusses the failed strategy that led to defeat but it is hard to say what Custer believed at the time. However, his decision to split the calvary proved to be deadly. As they engage the natives, they soon learn that they are up against thousands of warriors and severely outnumbered. The fractured military units led by Senior Officer Marcus Reno (1834-1889), Captain Frederick Benteen (1834-1898) and Captain Thomas McDougall (1845-1909) were all in trouble and the three military commanders made the decision to withdraw in the face of oncoming waves of tribal warriors. After the battle, the officers would each face scrutiny with Reno becoming persona non grata in military circles. The reasons for his downfall are explained in the book, as well as the position of the Army, forced to confront Custer’s defeat.  But on the side of the late soldier were those determined to preserve his legacy as we seen in the story. His widow Libbie is chief among them even as she continued to mourn the loss of her husband. The book continues after Custer’s death and the fallout is interesting. Of course, politics come into play, and the military itself goes on the defensive. And interesting, it managed to secure Custer’s legacy well into the 1900s.

I cannot ignore the dark undertone of the book, fueled by the fact that Custer’s last moments are still peppered with mystery. That he died in combat is not in dispute, but his movements as the battle rage and the native attack that took his life leave more questions than answers. They also cast a darker cloud over the battle of Little Bighorn. To supplement the book, I watched a couple of videos regarding the battle to learn what historians have discovered in recent years. What I learned is that the battle was even more gruesome than the descriptions in this book. I could not imagine being in that battle against the native tribes thirsty for blood and without the “restraints” of conventional warfare. The author here removes all doubt that the native tribes had one goal and that was to kill as many troops as possible. Sadly, that goal was accomplished, and Custer’s life came to a tragic end. This is not the sole book on the battle nor the definitive account, but it is an excellent place to start if you want to know the story of George Armstrong Custer and the battle that changed American history.

“We will never know, without a reasonable doubt, what happened to Custer and his 210 men. That is because no white observer saw any man of that contingent alive again, and the accounts of those who witnessed its movements—the Sioux and Cheyenne who defeated Custer—are, for many reasons, sketchy and often contradictory.” – James Donovan

ASIN :‎ B000SHPTG0

Dopesick: Dealers, Doctors and the Drug Company that Addicted America – Beth Macy

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dopseickProvisional data from the National Center for Health Statistics at the end of December 2022, showed that overdose deaths in America remained at over one hundred thousand. Although a decrease from the previous year, the statistics are sobering and a reminder that the war against opioid addiction continues as fentanyl claim victims, and a new drug “tranq“, has emerged as the next monster on the streets of America. But how did we get here? And what lies ahead? I previously reviewed San Quinones’ ‘Dreamland: The True Tale of America’s Opioid Epidemic‘ but was curious to read what author Beth Macy discovered in her own research into America’s drug crisis. What I found is another book equally as compelling and important about where the United States went wrong and how deadly the epidemic is.

I do want to issue a disclaimer which is that this book is not for the faint of heart. But if you are intimately acquainted with the epidemic either as a friend, relative or savior of a drug addicted person, then you already know this. Frankly, this is not the book for those in search of a happy conclusion. This is the raw truth about a crisis that continues to expand and claim more lives. However, all does not have to be lost if we pay close attention to what Macy reveals.

The author takes us through the history of opioids, from the discovery of morphine by Friedrich Wilhelm Serturner (1783-1841) to the Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914, and 1924 when heroin was officially outlawed. It is a fascinating compendium of the development of drugs that have morphed into a nightmare. The story changes gears and pace when we reach the years 1995 and the a new drug arises called OxyContin. Hailed at first as a new wonder drug, America soon learned that behind the promises and fake smiles lay a demon that trapped its users in a vicious cycle of dependency. It is not long before doctors began to sound the alarm that all is not well, and addiction in patients begins to increase exponentially. But before any action is taken, lives are unfortunately lost. Macy captures the stories of a select few individuals including convicted drug trafficker Ronnie Jones, who is currently serving a 30 year sentence in federal prison. Each story is riveting yet also heartbreaking, and by the book’s conclusion, I could only sit in silence as weight of the lives lost to opioid addiction settled in.

As I read the book, I could not believe the stories I read. Having witnessed drug use in my own family, I am firmly aware of the lengths to which addicts will go to get their next high. However, what I read here was even crazier at times. And while addicts were dropping dead, pharmaceutical companies continued to reap enormous profits from the marketing and distribution of pain killers that spared no one. However, the author does point out a shocking aspect of the epidemic in regard to addiction rates across demographics. Even the epidemic is touched by race but not in way readers may think. In fact, the irony is haunting, and continues to ripple across suburban America. Further, it also shows that drug use is not just an “inner city” problem. No one is immune.

My youth was spent in East New York, Brooklyn during the 1980s which saw the rise of crack cocaine. I shall never forget those days and the devastation across the City of New York. As I watch the opioid epidemic, it feels like Deja vu. The difference is that the users are not contained in the ghetto or low-income areas, and every sector of America is now confronted with an issue that cannot be ignored. Empty promises by politicians have not helped, and the failures of multiple administrations are highlighted in the book. Macy makes it clear that this is an issue the entire country will need to confront head because it will not go away on its own. But the frightening realization is that by the time the Government takes tougher action, more Americans may be laid to rest as dealers increase the stream of fentanyl and deadlier drugs into the supply.

This is an uncomfortable yet critical book about the horrific impact of opioids and the havoc they have wreaked. However, it also shows that lives can be saved if governments are willing to invest the time, money, and effort into fighting it head on. Until that time comes, it is imperative that books such as this are read by an increasing number of readers who will be fully aware of the signs that come with addiction and the importance of intervention.

ASIN : B078D67JCF

The Unexpected President: The Life and Times of Chester A. Arthur – Scott S. Greenberger

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aerthurOn September 19, 1881, Vice-President Chester A. Arthur (1829-1886) received news that forever changed his life and the history of the United States. President James A. Garfield ( 1831-1881) succumbed to the gunshot wounds he received on July 2, 1881 at the hands of Charles J. Guiteau (1841-1882). Arthur automatically became the next President of the United States and assumed a role he never intended on pursuing. Interestingly, he served just that one term, decided against running for re-election. And before his death, he had his personal papers from political career prior to the White House destroyed. However, before leaving office, he did enact a major change in government that sent shockwaves across the country and cemented his legacy. Author Scott S. Greenberger revisits the story of Arthur’s life in this well-written and well-researched biography of an interesting, obscure, and underrated president.

I was unaware of his personal life, in particular his youth as the son of a fiercely devout Baptist preacher who instilled the abolitionist cause in his children from an early age. Despite his family’s strong belief in the elimination of slavery, Arthur’s future wife Nell brings an odd paradox to the story. As a member of a Southern family, her views were sometimes at odds with her husband, yet her family thought highly of Arthur and their marriage.  And when the Civil War breaks out, the family joined by marriage finds itself on opposite sides of a conflict that divided America.  Arthur enlisted in the Union army and served with distinction while his in-laws in the South supported the Confederacy. The story is surreal but shows the strength of genuine love as the couple remains close to each other. However, their love was tested when tragedy struck their small family.  This moment and Nell’s own fate, reveal the personal side of Arthur who rises through the ranks in the Republican Party while wrestling with his own personal grief.

Before the author changes gears and shifts the focus to politics, he is sure to include a significant legal case in New York City history that deserves mention. On June 16 1854, Elizabeth Jennings (1827-1901) waited for a street car at Pearl and Chatham Streets in Manhattan. When the street car arrived, she was told the next one would allow African-Americans.  She refused to accept this and was forcibly removed from the car. Jennings found an attorney who agreed to take her case and later filed suit in the matter of Jennings v. Third Avenue Railroad.  That lawyer was Chester Arthur. The Jennings decision’s impact on New York City street cars cannot be understated. The full story is explained by the author and as a native New Yorker, I learned history that I was not previously aware of. Riding on the wave of success, Arthur kept moving forward and forms bonds with a key figure in politics who helped his rise and nearly thwarted his role as vice president.

When I read the name Roscoe Conkling, I could not place a face to it. Further, I had no knowledge of his importance in New York State politics. I soon learned of this larger-than-life figure who carried enormous political weight. To say he was an interesting character would be an understatement, and readers will understand why as they read the book. Conkling emerges as the book’s antagonist, but Arthur was dependent on his wisdom and guidance. However, loyalty came at a price, and Arthur was seen as a machine politician. The complex story is pieced together flawlessly by the author, and what I read sounds eerily similar to what we see today in Washington. And though both were Republican, the battles they wage in the political arena are surprisingly against other Republicans as the “Stalwarts” and “Half Breeds'” engage in subterfuge. And this where the book takes unexpected and suspenseful turns beginning with the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885). The story is full of calculated positions, unsettling accusations and truths, and the realization that politics is about power. I did take notice of Grant’s unpopularity in some Republican circles. His successor, Rutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893) is more palatable and appears in the story as a welcomed reprieve from Grant. But the suspense increases when an unlikely candidate named James A. Garfield is chosen as the Republican party’s nominee for president, chooses Arthur as his vice-president and defeats Winfield Scott Hancock (1824-1886). Arthur’s acceptance of the vice-presidency was not a popular choice and it changed his relationships with several figures most notably Conkling. However, the country was first before party and Arthur assumed his role.

At this point in the book, I knew Garfield’s demise would arrive, and it eventually does. The uncertainty and shock by Arthur, Conkling and others adds a disheartening backdrop to an already tragic account. The president’s wounds were fatal but death did not occur instantly. In fact, more than two months passed between the shooting and his death. And I could feel the agony of those around Garfield as the final act plays out.  Arthur finds himself in a position he did not contemplate but has an admirer and supporter whose correspondence is included by the author. I had never learned the story of Julia Sand (1850-1933) but her words to Arthur are interesting, and he pays her back in kind later in the book which is one of the brightest parts of the story. The new president was adamant he would only serve out that term and keeps his word. But before he leaves office, he sets into motion legislation that had a profound impact on Washington, civil service reform. This action did not go over well with the Stalwarts and Conkling continues his grumbling about everything. But as we see in the book, Conkling’s life had its own secrets which eventually come out including a romance that nearly turned deadly.

As Arthur’s term nears its end, the Democrats push their own candidate, Grover Cleveland (1837-1907) who wins the next election and places the White House back into the hands of the Democratic Party.  The former president fades out of the public light and enjoys time with his family. However, he could not escape his health issues which come to light towards the end of the book. His carefully constructed image began to crack, but today his health issues would not be fatal. However, in 1886 medical technology we take for granted now did not exist and Arthur was forced to confront the fact that his time was limited. However, there is no crying or griping, just an aging former president enjoying the remaining life he had left. And when he goes, it is the final chapter in an incredible life that is part of the American experience. Highly recommended.

ASIN: B06XR93QXH

Savages & Scoundrels: The Untold Story of America’s Road to Empire through Indian Territory – Paul Van Develder

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VanDevelderI am constantly amazed by the amount of history regarding the creation of the United States that I have yet to learn. The story of North America’s indigenous population is a heartbreaking account that receives scant attention today. America’s expansion from thirteen British Colonies to world superpower is unparallel in world history but the dark reality behind that metamorphosis is that Native American tribes once widespread across the continent were systematically uprooted, and, in some cases pushed into extinction. On the natives’ side, battles for territory and supremacy raged and the blood spilled as tribes waged war with each other cannot be overlooked. The events that took place in North America upon the birth of a nation are a far cry from the happy portrait that that is portrayed at “Thanksgiving”. Author Paul Van Develder explores the past during the era when “Manifest Destiny” drove westward expansion and turned open territory into deadly battlefields.

I warn readers that any notions of a “great American expansion” will not be found here. The author pulls no punches about what really happened and relays that:

“As historian Morgan Gibson has pointed out, nineteenth-century America was a sociopolitical environment controlled by fiercely ethnocentric leaders and followers who, despite all rhetoric to the contrary, regarded all other races and peoples as subhuman.” 

The above statement is an uncomfortable truth but also necessary in understanding the beliefs and ideas behind the actions that changed history for America and North America’s indigenous population. That is not to say that all the figures in the book are dark. In fact, there were those who foresaw the fate in store for the natives and sought to prevent it, and others who foresaw the Civil War (1861-1865). And though their efforts were not in vain, they were colliding against government policy, driven by crucial legislation such as the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act of 1790,  Indian Removal Act of 1830 and the Dawes Act of 1887. During the years between the passage of these pieces of legislation, Native American tribes continued to fade into oblivion.

Admittedly, the book is not a “comfortable” read, especially as an American. While the general story of the Native American tribes is known, the particular stories of individual tribes are often omitted. As the author shows, they were seen as “savages and scoundrels”, but were also the object of fascination and pop culture references. However, the tribes of North America were distinct and real people, with customs and traditions threatened by expansion of faces they had not seen before. As the story progressed, familiar names popped up as one would expect. The actions by presidents Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) and Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) in particular, are discussed in detail.  Jackson, a former slave owner, made no effort to hide his views on the natives standing in America’s way.  However, there is another side to the story, and that is the role of the French, under the leadership of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821).  I found this section to be interesting for it explains the territory we know today as Louisiana. Further, while reading, I thought of scenes from the 2015 film “The Revenant” in which French explorers and traders enter the story and commit unsavory acts. The film centers around explorer/fur trader Hugh Glass (1783-1833), and despite some fiction added, it is a fairly accurate portrayal of events transpiring in North America  during that time. On a side note, Glass is mentioned here by the author, as well as other traders from the film. And Louisiana was crucial to America’ s security and expansion, for reasons thoroughly explained in the book.

I found that one way to make it through the story was to keep in mind that the America I know today did not exist then.  In 1830, there were twenty-four states in the Union and territory near the Pacific was unknown. And venturing into those areas by brave or ignorant souls, was a matter of life and death with an unknown number of settlers losing their lives at the hands of native tribes and others freely roaming North America.  However, I could not excuse the government condoned actions to forcibly remove Native Americans from the only territories they knew. And as one would expect, the infamous Trail of Tears is one of the darkest parts of the book. The full story of the Indian removal and re-settlement are discussed in other books and remains a dark moment in U.S. history. Further, it was an event from which America’s Native Americans never recovered.

The author moves through time chronologically and we pass from one administration to the next. Sadly, the fate of Native Americans remains the same. Manifest Destiny increases in speed and effectiveness, virtually guaranteeing that the natives would never return to the lands they called home. Readers will be repulsed by the statements made by those in power towards the Indians, whom many regarded as infinitely inferior and only salvageable by accepting the ways of white settlers. Today, such comments would be unthinkable. But the author keenly observes that:

“What the United States wanted to do was march across the continent. Beneath the red, white, and blue banner of Manifest Destiny, treaties with Indians became the republic’s legal stepping-stones for building the road to empire in its determined quest to reach the Pacific Ocean”. 

From beginning to end, this book kept me intrigued. Considering that some events in the book occurred nearly two-hundred years ago, the ability of the author to bring the past to life in the manner found here speaks volumes. It is an incredible account of history not always found in carefully crafted textbooks. The truths here are unsettling but also the sobering reality of what took place as this nation continued to evolve. We cannot go back and change the past, but we can learn from it. The descendants of Native American tribes know this history well as should the rest of us. Highly recommended.

ASIN‏ :‎ B0029ZBGWK

A Shot in the Moonlight: How a Freed Slave and a Confederate Soldier Fought for Justice in the Jim Crow South – Ben Montgomery

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Montgomery_AShotInthe_9780316535540_HC.inddI am consistently amazed at the number of post-Civil War stories I have yet to learn. This book caught my attention, admittedly from the title alone, and it turned out to be an interesting account of an event that could have been lost to history. On the night of January 27, 1897, a mob of men appeared at the home of George Dinning (1857-1930), a former slave in Kentucky, and demanded that he vacate the home and leave the state. Dinning refused and as the two sides stated their positions, a shot was fired from outside the house. While in retreat and fearing for the lives of his wife and children, Dinning returned fire and mortally wounded Jodie Conn (1864-1897). Dinning turned himself in the next day and was later formally charged and charged with a crime. But prison was not the biggest threat. In fact, the local sheriff feared mob retribution at the hands of local whites and makes a quick decision that spares Dinning’s life. And this was the first step on a journey that not only shocked the State of Kentucky but one that changed the American legal system.

Today, the concept of due process is strong, and we have the right to a jury of our peers. But in 1897, for Black Americans, the average jury worked very differently. And if you were a black person accused of murdering a white person, death was almost guaranteed. But for George Dinning, that was not the case. A trial was held, and the author provides selected transcripts of the questioning to show how stories can be influenced and mis-represented. At the end of the proceedings, Dinning is convicted but the Governor of Kentucky, William O’Connell “Bill” Bradley (1847-1914), takes matters into his own hands and sends shockwaves throughout Kentucky.  And incredibly, Dinning’s saga is far from over.

Dinning eventually returns to Simpson County, Kentucky a free man. But his story catches the attention of reporters, politicians, and lawyers. This is where Bennett H. Young (1843-1919) enters the picture. As someone who works in the legal field today, this part of the book was highly relatable. However, I struggled with the fact that Young was a former Confederate soldier who strongly supported and Confederacy and its president Jefferson Davis (1808-1889), but he also believed in the advancement of Black Americans in the wake of the war. It is a contradiction that remains prevalent as the story moves forward to its conclusion.  Young consistently takes bold actions to help blacks that are a permanent part of his complicated legacy. Putting that aside, he does an incredible job of representing Dinning, who is awarded damages in a civil suit against several of the men who surrounded his house on that cold January night in 1897. The judge’s award sends shockwaves across America, changing the concept of legal rights for individuals. For other blacks, Dinning’s victory provided the courage needed to make their own claims for damages against those who had wronged them.  But though George Dinning had won in court, he was far from trouble free.

Following the successful lawsuit, Young eyed the remaining members of the mob and mounts further legal challenges. But before they play out, we reach the book’s darkest moment in which Dinning comes close to losing his life. This part of the story is disheartening yet Dinning again proves that he refused to be intimated or broken. He eventually leaves Kentucky and makes a new home in Indiana where he spent his remaining days. In 2019, Montgomery interviewed Anthony Denning, George’s great-grandson who carries the family named though the spelling is changed slightly. It is likely that Dinning himself made the change after leaving Kentucky. Regardless, the family lineage is intact to this day and George Dinning’s story lives on ninety-seven years after his death. This story has many components but the most important is that it is American history.

“A Winchester rifle should have a place of honor in every black home, and it should be used for that protection which te law refuses to give.” —Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)

ASIN: B0881Y6TGZ

Power to the People: The World of the Black Panthers – Stephen Shames and Bobby Seale

On By Genyc79In American History, Civil Rights MovementLeave a comment

ShamesIn his renowned book titled ‘Revolutionary Suicide’, Huey P. Newton (1942-1989) began by saying “the first lesson a revolutionary must learn is that he is a doomed man”. The prophetic words are haunting for many members and affiliates of the Black Panther Party met untimely deaths or were forced to flee the United States and live in exile. However, the Black Panther Party for Self Defense became part of history and when Bobby Seale and Newton created the organization in 1966, the created something that changed the way Black Americans viewed themselves. The image that comes to mind when one speaks of the Panthers are young black men with leather jackets and rifles. But behind the imposing public facade, the Panthers were brilliant community organizers and had a vision for Black Americans that could have changed the United States. Photographer Stephen Shames began to cover Panther rallies and eventually followed their progression. This book, co-authored with Seale, gives former members of the party a platform to explain their actions and decisions, in a time when America was amid social upheaval.

Instead of a standard account of the party’s creation, rise and demise, the authors here present a collection of interviews that touch on all aspects of the party’s existence. And to my surprise, I learned a few things I did not previously know. The beauty in the book is that readers can see the passion and hard work behind the scenes that motivated the Panthers to help the community. Party members were surely a mixed bag of characters, but at its core, the group and its affiliated chapters were committed to uplifting Black Americans and helping them to become self-sufficient so that they too could live the American dream. But what stood out to me nearly immediately was the age of the members. In fact, Ericka Huggins explains that: “one thing that people don’t understand about the Black Panther Party is that the median age of a party member in 1969 was nineteen years old“. Today we would say they were just kids but in 1966, those kids became adults and were determined to make their mark.

Readers familiar with the history of the party will know of the free-breakfast program which incredibly was deemed a threat by former Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) director J. Edgar Hoover (1924-1972). It is no secret that Hoover feared and loathed civil rights organizations whom he felt had “communist” influence. And the introduction of the infamous COINTEL program succeeded in breaking up the Panthers but at an inflated cost to the FBI and Hoover’s image in later years. But as I read the book, I was curious about other programs that Panthers initiated not just in Oakland, California, but across America. What I learned was impressive and surprising. One event that stands out is that shortly before his death, Fred Hampton (1948-1969) had reached an agreement with Jeff Fort, leader of the Black P. Stones gang in Chicago that would have struck fear in Washington, D.C. But due to Hampton’s assassination on December 4, 1969, the agreement died out. These events were recreated in the 2021 film ‘Judas and the Black Messiah‘, starring Daniel Kaluuyah as Hampton and LaKeith Stanfield as William O’Neal (1949-1990), the FBI informant who played a crucial role in Hampton’s demise. As the book progressed, it became even clearer to me why the Panthers were feared. It was not so much due to the presence of firearms but rather the knowledge and pride being instilled in Black Americans which was sorely needed following the murder of Malcolm X (1925-1965). Seale himself has said that had Malcolm not been murdered, the Black Panther Party would have never been created.

Eventually, the party began to disintegrate under the strain of infiltration by FBI informants which instilled paranoia and distrust among party members. The fallout is discussed by the participants, but the book is not an examination of why the party failed. It is chiefly a collection of memories, both good and bad. Among the more tragic parts is the death of George Jackson (1941-1971) on August 21, 1971, while incarcerated at San Quentin State Prison in San Quentin, California. The book ends before Newtown’s own death in 1989 but there is a discussion of the Panthers’ legacy and the situation in America which should be of concern to everyone regardless of their background. The Panthers no longer exist as the group they were once known as, but their presence and importance cannot be overlooked. And contained within this book are voices from the people that were there, risking their lives to give all power to the people.

ASIN: B01IDGS5EK

The War State: The Cold War Origins of the Military Industrial Complex and the Power Elite – Michael Swanson

On By Genyc79In American HistoryLeave a comment

SwansonOn January 17, 1961, United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969) gave his farewell address to the nation as it prepared to inaugurate the incoming president, John F. Kennedy (1917-1963). During his address, Eisenhower warned of the “military industrial complex” and its influence over foreign policy. Four years later, America was on the path to war in Vietnam. Following World War II, the world felt relieved as the fighting ended and the planet began the lengthy process of rebuilding what had been lost. But what was not seen at the time publicly, were the growing hostilities between Washington and Moscow which began to form the nexus of the Cold War. But an important question is why did the Cold War take place? While it is true that it was not a traditional war in that troops were on the ground fighting, the world came close to the brink of nuclear war and had those weapons been used, I might not be sitting here today writing this blog post. Today, the United States military is both feared and admired, and the national defense budget for the year 2023 stands at eight hundred eight-six billion dollars. The figure is shocking, but it was not always this way. In fact, the national defense budget was far smaller as presidents sought to reduce military spending and focus on other domestic programs. But at some point, that changed and the money going towards America’s defense took on a life of its own. Author Michael Swanson explains the reasons why in this book that explores the Cold War’s origins, the military industrial complex and the powerful figures behind the scenes that influenced Capitol Hill and the White House as America locked it sights on the Soviet Union and exerting the United States’ influence around the world.

The author provides a primer early in the book to set the stage for the coming discussion, focusing on the financial costs of both World War I and World War II. While reading this section, I made note of a fact he provides about the collection of income tax that will surprise readers. As the second world war raged, American officials were eager to bring the war to a conclusion and prevent more casualties. Their wishes were granted in the form of two bombs that mankind had never seen before. But there were also other effects of the bomb that did not relate directly to its ability to cause destruction. In Moscow, all eyes focused on Japan as Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) knew that things between the two nations had changed forever. As Swanson puts it:

“The detonation of the atomic bomb on Japan marked the beginning of the Cold War, because it posed an existential threat to the Soviet Union.”

In America, the Soviet Union was also seen as an existential threat to the nation’s safety. However, the country lacked an effective method of gathering intelligence. That all changed during the administration of Harry S. Truman (1884-1972), informally known as the “accidental president”. Truman held concerns about a Soviet arms buildup and knew that it would increase its weapons arsenal. He had to act and approved two key events that changed American foreign policy permanently. On September 18, 1947, Truman signed into law the National Security Act which paved the way for the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency (“CIA”). But he was not done there and as relayed by the author:

“Harry Truman ordered a reappraisal of national security policy. Completed on April 14, 1950, this report, titled National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68), became one of the most important documents of the Cold War. It set the stage for a massive arms race and advocated intervention throughout the entire world.”

Frankly, the arms race was on, and every president after Truman would have to fight elements within their own government as fears of a “Red invasion” and “nuclear holocaust” spread across America. Radicals in the American government were convinced that there was a “missile gap” and that more weapons were needed. As Eisenhower enters the story, the pace of the book picks up due to the Cold War becoming a reality. In fact, the conflict forms the bulk of the book which finishes before the debacle in Vietnam. Eisenhower was a famed Allied commander during World War II and seen behind the scenes as an effective leader who preferred to move in silence when possible. But he was not naive to the growing influence of the military and powerful figures in Washington who wanted America to flex its military muscle. Today it seems surreal, but it is important to remember that during this time, there were people who deeply believed a pre-emptive strike against the Soviet Union was warranted and that war would eventually come no matter what. Eerily, they accepted the fact that millions of people in both countries would perish in less than an hour during a nuclear exchange. The unbelievable story is told here again, and readers will shake their heads in disbelief. But the story reaches an even higher level of insanity when America elected its first Irish-Catholic president.

John F. Kennedy remains highly popular to this day although he only served one thousand days in office before his murder in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. But during his time in office, multiple crisis brought the United States and Soviet Union close to all-out war. He had inherited the Cold War and a Russian adversary named Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971). And the pawn in the chess match between America and the Soviet Union was the small island of Cuba which came close to being the starting point for the next world war. Swanson revisits the two events that placed everyone on high alert:  The Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Readers familiar with both will read this section slightly faster but as someone who had read multiple books on the subject, Swanson version is also good. In fact, I found it to be a very condensed version that is easy to follow without reducing the suspense needed to convey the seriousness surrounding both historical events. As for Kennedy and Khruschev, both men found themselves in a similar position within their governments and shared the same vision for peace. However, both also had to contend with the fact that hardliners in their governments were eager for conflict and might go to any lengths to make it a reality. The author’s discussion of the final weekend in October 1962 will show the concern on both sides about a coup to remove people from positions of power. Thankfully, cooler heads prevailed, and nuclear war did not happen. But in Washington, that was not enough for the military industrial complex, and Southeast Asia was placed on its radar. Kennedy died before finalizing his plans for Indochina but his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973) made it clear that he would not reduce America’s presence and by the time the war ended in 1975, fifty-eight thousand American troops died in Vietnam. But that is a story for another time and another book.

Readers may be tempted to wonder why this story is important today if the Cold War is over. Well, the reason is that defense spending has never been reduced and continues to increase. But we must ask why? Which nation is an existential threat to America today? This section by Swanson towards the end of the book sums up the thinking that almost caused a third world war with nuclear weapons perfectly:

“In the 1950s, air force General Curtis LeMay said he had the ability to order SAC bombers to attack the Soviet Union and destroy all of its war-making capabilities “without losing a man to their defenses.” Americans were completely safe, but they lived in constant fear.”

The past is always prologue, and though the Soviet Union no longer exist, the ideological differences between Russia and America remain. But peace should be the goal and there is enough room on the planet for us all if we place value on our lives which are not guaranteed. This is a good discussion about American history and the dark directions the nation took under misguided fanatical warriors who warmly embraced what could have been Armageddon.

“Cold War? Hell, it was a hot war!” – Robert S. McNamara (1916-2009) (The Fog of War, Sony Pictures 2003)

ASIN:‎ B00EWLGXHW

The Trafficantes, Godfathers from Tampa, Florida: The Mafia, the CIA and the JFK Assassination – Ron Chepesiuk

On By Genyc79In American History, Organized CrimeLeave a comment

trafficante

The official story put forth by the Warren Commission is that President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) was shot and killed by Lee Harvey Oswald (1939-1963) who fired three shots from the Texas School Book Depository in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. However, Oswald’s guilt has long been in doubt and in 1976, the House Select Committee on Assassinations found a “probable conspiracy” in Kennedy’s murder. Some believe that the conspirators included members of the Italian American Mafia, notably mob bosses Santo Trafficante, Jr. (1914-1987) of Florida and Carlos Marcello (1910-1993) of New Orleans, Louisiana. We know for certain that Oswald was at the Book Depository as the assassination happened. However, events that played out following the shooting in Dealey Plaza indicated a darker and more sinister climate of danger that awaited Kennedy as he stepped off Air Force One at Love Field that morning. It is no secret that mobsters were not fans of Kennedy or his brother, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy (1929-1968). But did the mob have the power to kill the president? Author Ron Chepesiuk explores this question and more in this short book about the Trafficante family and the role the mob may have played in Kennedy’s death.

Believers of the lone gunman theory will not entertain any theories about the mob, CIA, or others. And for good reason. If we do believe the mob was involved, then a conspiracy exists. However, the mob did have motive, and that aspect is addressed in the book. But before we get to the Kennedy assassination, the author primes us with background information on Trafficante and his father Santo Trafficante, Sr. (1886-1954) who were the undisputed rulers of the Tampa underworld. The book is not an extensive biography of the father or son but provides basic information to understand who they were. But what is of more interest are the connections between them and other underworld figures, and this is where the plot thickens.

Because the book is short, there is a lot of information that is highly condensed. Readers may benefit from other material on the Kennedy assassination, and I always recommend the late Jim Maars’ (1943-2017) ‘Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy‘ which provides a thorough analysis of the shooting in Dealey Plaza, the death of Dallas Police Officer J.D. Tippit (1924-1963) and numerous other components of the crime that will send chills down your spine.  Chepesiuk’s story is solely on the Mafia, but he does mention other players when necessary.  However, the story here remains centered around the Trafficantes, Marcello and the nexus of underworld crime figures who welded power in America. There are no “smoking guns”, but I did notice that anyone expected to appear before the House Select Committee on Assassinations seemed to meet a sudden death. Appearances are made in the story by Chicago mobster Salvatore “Sam” Giacana (1908-1975) and mobster Johnny Roselli (1905-1976). Their stories are surreal, especially Giancana’s direct link to Kennedy.

It is impossible to discuss the mob’s anger at Kennedy without acknowledging the impact of former Cuban President Fidel Castro (1926-2016). Prior to the Cuban Revolution, the Mafia had turned Cuba into a cash machine and playground for Americans looking for a quick getaway to have fun. Former Cuban President Fulgencio Batista (1901-1973) had allowed the mob open reign but on January 1, 1959, that all changed as Castro marched triumphantly down the streets of Havana. Mobsters who had the means to do so, left as soon as they could. But Trafficante Jr. had an interesting experience in Cuba which I had forgotten about. It is telling of what Castro through of the mob and sets the stage for the future alliance between the CIA, Mafia, and disgruntled Cuban exiles. Castro was serious and the only way the mob could enjoy Cuba was if the bearded leader were gone. This is the beginning of a dark rabbit hole which we cannot go into here. But the author gives us an idea of the sinister partnerships that existed for “mutual benefit”.

There is one more section of the book I want to address, as no discussion of Kennedy’s murder can be held without addressing the dark presence of Jack Ruby (1911-1967), whose actions that weekend following the assassination were strange to say the least. The Warren Commission insisted that Oswald and Ruby did not know each other. But is that the truth? As seen in the book there is compelling evidence that they did know each other, and I recommend readers watch the documentary ‘Rush to Judgment‘ by the late Mark Lane (1924-2016) who published the book of the same name.  Ruby’s mob connections cannot be ignored, and the author weaves them into the story at hand showing that powerful figures were watching Oswald.

The truth about Kennedy’s murder may never be known. And if it is, maybe not in my lifetime as author Anthony Summers says in his book regarding the murder.  Thousands of pages of records are still classified, and as time passes, those with knowledge of what did happen will pass on taking what they know with them to the grave. But I do believe that we have enough information to know that Oswald was only a small piece in a larger puzzle. The mob certainly wanted Kennedy gone and benefited from his death. It had the money and power, but to a certain extent. Removing a president from office is a concerted effort dependent on compartmentalization, a concept the Mafia knew well. The list of Kennedy’s enemies was long, and his death was nothing short of regime change. The mob was only one enemy, and its role is still up for debate. But what Chepesiuk shows is that the mob had a personal stake in seeing Kennedy eliminated. For a good understanding of the powerful crime figures who had turned sour on Kennedy, this is an informative read.

ASIN: B003BIGGQA

Imperfect Union: How Jessie and John Frémont Mapped the West, Invented Celebrity, and Helped Cause the Civil War -Steve Inskeep

On By Genyc79In American HistoryLeave a comment

fremont

If you live in San Francisco or have visited the “City by the Bay”, I believe you will agree that views of the Golden Gate Bridge are nothing short of breathtaking. It is an iconic structure that is easily recognized as a symbol of the Golden State. But I confess that I never asked myself where the name Golden Gate came from. Two weeks about, this recommendation showed up in my feed. I did not know who John Charles Frémont (1813-1890) nor his wife Jessie Ann Benton Frémont (1824-1902). But the title of the book caught my attention, and I knew I had to make the purchase.  And having finished the book, I can say that not only was it a fulfilling read but also a story I should have learned years ago. In this informative and eye-opening book, author Steve Inskeep takes up back in time when America was still a young nation embracing expansionism into parts unknown and the life story an accomplished yet tragic explorer whose actions and experiences helped to write new chapters in the history of the United States.

Naturally, I wondered why I had never heard of John Frémont and his journeys west. I had a sobering realization that there is a great deal of American history that remains to be told.  John is the pivotal figure in the book and Inskeep provides an early recap of his early life and that of his wife Jessie, whose father, Senator Thomas Hart Benton (1782-1858) plays a significant role in both of their lives as the story progresses. Story picks up in pace as John begins the first of several expeditions that changed his life and the United States. Readers will take notice of the extensive periods of time that pass between the times John and Jessie are together. It may be hard for young readers to envision but in an era before modern forms of communication, letters were the only option. Frankly, there are parts of the story in which Jessie does not know where her husband is. We do as readers but putting myself in her place helped me to understand how rough life was in the early 1800s. Further, the extensive journeys are not for the faint at heart, as Inskeep shows with his descriptions of the harsh condition faced by Fremont and his parties. Adding to the suspense is the fact that Frémont was venturing into territory that did not belong to the United States. The stakes are high, not just for John but for others, including the famous Kit Carson (1809-1868) whose friendship with Frémont is on display as the two venture further west confronting the elements and the unknown.  Their excursions did not go unnoticed and as White American explorers continued to move west, tensions increased with Native Americans and Mexico who claimed a majority of what is today the State of California, igniting a major conflict which the author revisits to examine Frémont’s role. At home was Jessie, but as we learn in the book, she was not the type of woman to sit still and has her journey from start to finish which is also of interest for its moments of grief and reunions with John who she never ceased to love.  It can be argued that Jessie could have become a celebrity “First Lady” had Frémont been elected.

The annexation of territory outside of America’s border was ugly and the author does not hide this fact. The Mexican American War was a turning point in North American history and by its end, California’s fate had been changed permanently. Frémont has a significant role on the side of the United States, yet comically, he finds himself the target of military justice upon the war’s conclusion which saw him appointed as the first Governor of California. But U.S. President James K. Polk (1795-1849) who valued the officer’s successes and talents. Others also took notice, including a group of politicians who had recently formed the Republican Party. Running heavily on the platform against the expansion of slavery and if possible, its elimination, the Republicans struck fear across the South where slavery was a way of life. And it is this part of the book that explains the author’s contention that the Frémonts helped cause the American Civil War.

Of course, Frémont was not the proximate cause of the conflict but the expanding union which began to include more slavery-free states, raised eyebrows in the South. Surprisingly, I was not aware that Frémont was the first Republican candidate for president. The incredible story is contained here, and it is a valuable history lesson. Following Frémont’s rise to fame, his star slowly fades away as a new candidate named Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) rises in the Republican Party and captures the White House in 1860. The South had already been on edge due to the Republican’s support for the abolition of slavery or the stop of its expansion. But a major trigger for the coming war can be found in how the Republicans won the election. This alone should have been a warning to the South that a conflict with the North would never be quick and easy. Sadly, the war did come and though Frémont was in Europe for a time, upon returning to America he suited up again for the Union Army as America was at war with itself.  The Confederacy eventually suffered defeat but for Frémont, he would never again have the fame he once had. And before Lincoln’s assassination, the two clashed over Frémont’s fiercely independent nature. The details are within and caused me to ponder if Frémont carried bitterness toward Lincoln for becoming president. Inskeep does not explore that idea and it is up to readers to draw their own conclusions. The latter part of his life is uneventful but also heartbreaking for we see a man who is restless and in need of action true to his character. There is no happy conclusion for Frémont nor for Jessie. But unlike her husband, she made the best of her later years, and even published several books during her lifetime. John’s final days are sad, but he did live a life full of incredible experiences that are part of America’s legacy. And any time I visit San Francisco, I will stand at the Golden Gate with an understanding of how and why it all came to be.

ASIN:‎ B07S7M8T4T