On January 6, 2021, I and millions of people in America and abroad watched the events at the U.S. Capitol in which thousands of individuals breached security and entered the historic building in the belief that the 2020 Presidential Election had been stolen from Donald J. Trump. As I watched the video footage, a sense of gloom came over me due to the realization that the pillars of our vision of democracy were under siege. Personally, I have no political affiliation and regardless of which party we belong to, none of them are above reproach when our government is threatened from within or abroad. By evening, the dust had settled over Washington and officials began to piece together the chain of events that left several dead, dozens injured, and hundreds detained or the target of criminal investigation. Messages from family members and friends started to arrive on my phone with nearly if I had seen the events in Washington, D.C. The insurrection forced many of us to confront unsettling realities and acknowledge that threats exist all around us. Further, the day also showed how far America has strayed from the principles it professes to believe in.
When I find myself attempting to understand the present or the future, I instinctively turn to the past for the answers. History is an invaluable tool if applied correctly. Amazon must have sensed that I was in need for another lesson when this book by author David Margolick showed up in my list of recommendations. I have previously written about both men on the cover, former U.S. Attorney General and Senator Robert F. Kennedy (19125-1968)(D-NY) and civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968). Their deaths occurred roughly two months apart in 1968 and some have said more than once that America never recovered. The nation was forced to live with the endless questions of what if they both had lived. Each man had a sense of duty to change America for present and future generations. And though they had met in person on few occasions, they were connected in the civils right movement and in death. The violent decade of the 1960s claimed many victims and their murders brought an end to what the author calls the promise and the dream. But there is far more to their story than some may realize. Publicly they did not present an image of harmony but behind closed doors they were critically important to each other. The private side of their relationship is explored here in this remarkable account of two human beings who had achieved nearly deity status as America grappled with social and political change.
I would like to point out that there are no smoking guns in the book regarding the assassinations of each. The crimes are discussed but briefly and constrained to small sections in the much larger story. Readers who are interested in the assassination will find William Pepper’s “Orders to Kill: The Truth Behind the Murder of Martin Luther King” and “The Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy: Crime, Conspiracy and Cover-Up” by Tim Tate and Brad Johnson to be very good. The author’s focus here is on the relationship beween Kennedy and King which went through several phases due in part to the administrations of John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) and his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973). The Kennedys had been criticize for not taking a stronger stance in defense of civil rights. Margolick re-examines the issue and in the process, we see Bobby’s role in a much clearer lense. The story is well-known, but I believe that Margolick presents the narrative in a thorough format which reveals that the Kennedys did act and had John Kennedy survived Dallas, U.S. forces most likely wiould have withdrawn from Vietnam and civil rights legislation would have been the focus in 1964. Johnson did turn Kennedy’s dream into a reality in July 1964, but America still had a long way to go. In fact, Bobby wisely observed that:
“You could pass a law to permit a Negro to eat at Howard Johnson’s restaurant or stay at the Hilton Hotel,” Kennedy said. “But you can’t pass a law that gives him enough money to permit him to eat at that restaurant or stay at that hotel.”
This quote is important for several reasons. The first is that many had been focused on the civil rights act and rightfully so but having the legal right to something and access to it are two different things. The second is that it showed Kennedy realized that more than legislation would be required to change the plight of Black Americans in the United States. In all fairness, Kennedy had undergone his own transformation as the gritty reality of life in America’s ghettos hit home. His personal journey is one of the highlights in the book and it is not hard to see why he attained such a large following. To many Black Americans, he was a candidate who understood or “got it”. Curiously, Martin Luther King, Jr. never gave official statements endorsing Robert Kennedy or his brother and stayed largely out of politics and elections. But he did seek an audience with politicians whom he knew were crucial to changing America. Both presidents and Bobby have their encounters with King in the book and the differences in the interactions King has with all three are interesting. But each encounter is overshadowed by the wiretaps placed on King by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) under the grip of J. Edgar Hoover (1895-1972). As an official of the Justice Department, Hoover’s boss was Kennedy himself who knew of and gave consent to the taps on some occasions. The saga is revisited and reveals the dirty tricks the bureau was willing to employ to bring down King whom Hoover considered to be a “communist”. The former director’s paranoia knew no bounds and his massive accumulation of secrets on those in powers safeguarded his thirst for power and intention to remain the head of the FBI which he did until his death in 1972. The FBI never did prove that King was a “communist” but surely did try.
As John Kennedy moves through his presidency, he is confronted not just with the threat of nuclear war but of unrest at home. But it was not until things exploded in the deep South that his administration began to realize the powder keg they needed to diffuse. Civil rights activists were determined to integrate the South and eradicate Jim Crow. But first, blood would have to be spilled even if it made the Kennedy Administration uneasy. Those tragic events are revisited and may be upsetting to some readers. The visual recording of violent scenes by the media had thrust the reality of racial discrimination into the homes of millions of Americans. In Washington, the president and his administration knew it had to act because if it did not, things would soon go from bad to deadly. The attorney general was not about to let that happen. And when action was needed, Kennedy stepped to the plate and his role in several key events are cemented in American history. Of course, activists were still leery of the new administration but on person had this to say:
“You can fault the Kennedys in many ways on civil rights, but there are three things for which you must give them credit: their talk, their appointments, and Bobby Kennedy,” the head of the Americans for Democratic Action and one of the liberal stalwarts of mid-twentieth-century politics, Joseph Rauh, was to say.
Eventually, the story progresses to the trip to Dallas where John Kennedy met his tragic fate. Bobby’s life is turned upside down and he exist in a sort of limbo for a significant period of time. In the wake of his brother’s death, Kennedy realized that he had gone from one of the most powerful figures in Washington to someone who would soon be an outsider as the Johnson Administration took over. However, he soon found himself again and eventually becomes a senator representing my beloved State of New York. Watching the events play out is King who is the observer of all things and on occasion makes himself heard in Washington. John Kennedy’s death had opened both King and Bobby’s eyes to the fact that they too would meet an early demise. Their fatalism is conveyed in the book and I felt a chill as I read how each had essentially predicted his own violent death. It was not lost on either that America had become engulfed in a climate of hate and that threat that still exist today. But when asked about their premonitions of early deaths and the threats to their lives, each accepts both as conditions that apply. Kennedy gives an even more blunt assessment of it with this statement:
“I’ve got to present myself to the people as intimately as possible and get rid of some of these old bugaboos about me — let them know that I’m a human being.” But what would it do to the country, he asked, to lose another person of his stature? “That wouldn’t be good, but I can’t help that,” Kennedy replied. “If they want to get me, they’re going to get me — whether it’s in a crowd or whether I’m alone. I play Russian roulette every morning when I get up.”
And as for King, he was even more bleak:
Befitting someone under constant threat, King talked about death incessantly and matter-of-factly. (The producer Abby Mann, who was to do his life story, asked him in 1966 how the film would end. “It ends with me getting killed,” King replied. “He was smiling, but he wasn’t joking,” Mann recalled.)
Despite the constant threat of death, each moved forward in their determination to bring true change to American society. Kennedy continues to evolve and moves closer to where King is already at. It is almost as if Martin was waiting for him. Throughout the book we are witnesses to the transformation of the future candidate who eventually becomes the visionary that many had hoped for and wanted several years earlier. But as it is sometimes said, we do not choose the time, the time chooses us. As I read through the book, I appreciated the author’s telling of the story in which we see the dance the two do around each other although they know their fates are intertwined. Further, Margolick does offer clues that the two spoke at great length privately but gave the impression publicly that they were cordial at best. And in a tragic irony, following Bobby’s death, the widows of all three slain figures (JFK, RFK and MLK) have a meeting that their husbands may have wanted to have on a regular basis. In death, many were united in ways they did not wish for.
After finishing the book, I developed even more respect for Robert F. Kennedy and have deeper affection and grief for the loss of him and Martin Luther King, Jr. The promise and the dream they were, and their deaths are some of the darkest moments in American history. But on a positive note, the change that each desired continues to happen although there is still more work to be done. As we look to the future we can return to the past and revisit the words and actions of these two legendary figures. The key test will be for each of us to ask ourselves what type of country we want to live in. In the book, we revisit a night when Kennedy had returned home from a trip to a poverty stricken location. He entered the house in a somber mood and as his daughter explained:
“He said, ‘I’ve just come in and seen a family live in a room smaller than our dining room, with their tummies distended and sores all over them because they don’t have enough to eat and they don’t have healthcare,’” Kennedy’s eldest daughter, Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, later recalled. “‘Do you know how lucky you are? Do you know how lucky you are? Do something for this country.’”
Kennedy had seen the face of poverty; a face Dr. King knew all too well having made his own journey across America. What stood out to me in the book is although the two had infrequent contact, they were remarkably similar in many ways. Quite frankly, they would have made a great team at whatever they did. Sadly, any discussions they did have off the record are now lost to history. But it is clear from their statements and writings that there did in fact exist affection and respect between the two. And I will always feel that one of Kennedy’s greatest speeches was his unscripted remarks in Indianapolis after Dr. King was shot and killed on April 4, 1968. For Martin, his speech at the Washington Monument is part of the American Experience and remains one of the best oratorical deliveries in history.
The amount of history contained in this book is both staggering and beautifully re-told by Margolick. I absolutely loved how the narrative flowed without any lag or drifting into any particular direction. The story is streamlined, and as we move through time in the 1960s we can see its brutality and sources of hope. I understand even more why my dad has always said that the 1960s “scared the hell out of him”. Many figures met their ends during the 1960s but the list of names is too long to include here. Heroes and icons were cut down before their time due to fears of unity, revolution and progress. America will need to look at itself in the mirror as we move forward and combat the threats of unfounded radical ideology and misinformation. Threats to our democracy must be challenged and eliminated. The pillars upon which we place our faith in the system of government that has been adopted around the world must be protected not only for our time but future generations. And maybe we can once again have a dream and a promise. Highly recommended.
ASIN : B07R6VMYHP
On more than one occasion my father has commented that the 1960s was the scariest decade of his life. The threat of Nuclear War, increasing tensions in Southeast Asia and the growing Civil Rights Movement captivated American society and the world. During one conversation he turned and said to me “at the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis, we didn’t know if we would live to see tomorrow or die in a nuclear exchange with the Soviet Union”. The assassinations of several activists and politicians spread fear across the nation and to many, it seemed as if America was on the verge of total anarchy. Richard N. Goodwin (1931-2018) worked in the administrations of Presidents John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) and Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973) and helped draft some of the most memorable speeches given by the iconic figures. In 1988 he completed this memoir which was re-published in 2014, of the decade he spent in politics with two presidents and two presidential candidates. And the result is a spellbinding account of a critical time in American history during which the country underwent profound heartache and change.
The last time I saw my Uncle William in person, we discussed his time in Vietnam and later discharge from the military in the 1960s. During a routine physical, it was discovered that he had suffered damage to hearing in one of his ears due to being too close to the 50-caliber machine gun while on patrol. As a result, his balance and coordination began to suffer, and he was declared not fit for active duty. He accepted the discharge and found work with the postal service before moving on to the private sector. Over the years he has only talked about Vietnam on a handful of occasions and the stories were typically very brief. He never went into too much detail but there are couple of stories that made the hair stand up on the back of my neck. His experiences are like those of other black veterans of the Vietnam War whose struggles have not received the full attention that they undoubtedly deserve. Wallace Terry (1938-2003) was a journalist and oral historian who conducted interviews with dozens of veterans and chose twenty of them which are the focus of this book. It is a detailed look at the life of black soldiers in a war that remains a dark memory in American history. 
On April 30, 1975, the People’s Army of Vietnam and Viet Cong forces succeeded in the occupation of the city of Saigon in the wake of withdrawal by United States Armed Forces. America’s departure marked the end of the Vietnam War and provided the Democratic Republic of North Vietnam with the opporunity to unify North and South Vietnam. The final act of unification would have been welcomed by the first Prime Minister of North Vietnam Nyguen Ai Quoc who was known to the world as Ho Chih Minh (1890-1969). Older Vietanemse sometimes refer to him as “Uncle Ho”, a benevolent figure who’s life as devoted to completely independence in Indochina from French and Chinese rule. Ho Chih Minh has always come across as a slightly mysterious figure and some parts of his life are still unknown. However, author William Duiker provides an informative and thought-provoking biography that explains Ho’s life and the true tragedy of the Vietnam War.
March 29, 2019, marked the forty-six anniversary of the departure of the last remaining United States troops in South Vietnam. Two years after their departure,on April 30, 1975, Siagon fell to North Vietnamese forces as Hanoi tightened its grip around the country. By the time the war ended, fifty-eight thousand American soldiers had lost their lives in Vietnam. North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong losses were estimated to be well over one million. Civilian deaths were even higher in number but despite the large numbers of casualties, North Vietnam refused to surrender and was determined to achieve reunification. The withdrawal of American troops was a sobering reality and cold hard truth: the American effort in Southeast Asia had not succeeded. To this day, there are many people who still wonder how and why the United States became entangled in Vietnam. The defeat of French forces at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 should have served as a reminder that military might is not always a guarantee of success. In January, 1960, President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) took office and from the beginning of his administration until his death, the issue of Vietnam continued to fester like an open sore. Kennedy died before he could implement any further plans regarding Vietnam and took many secrets with him to his grave. But declassified documents and political memoirs shed much light on what was really happening in his administration as it grappled to combat the growing Viet Cong menace.
In 
The wars that have been fought by mankind contain many secrets that have survived the test of time. Hindsight has become society’s treasured tool in investigating the past to learn what really happened. The Vietnam War is among the most unpopular conflicts in American history. The war continues to haunt the United States as a reminder of failed foreign policy and according to some as a premonition of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. As we look back on the Vietnam War, we come to learn about the very dark side of the American involvement in Southeast Asia and the devastation that occurred when two nations collided in a struggle that pitted ideology against weapons at war. Douglas Valentine, author of 
FREETHINKING BIBLIOPHILE 
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